Eminye yemigomo engase ikuthakasele kakhulu ukubona ukuthi izwe linenkomba yokuqashwa enhle noma cha izinga lomsebenzi. Ifomula yayo kulula ukuyibala kodwa kufanele ucace mayelana nemibono yazo zonke izinkomba ezingenayo.
Manje, ingabe uyazi ukuthi iyini ifomula yezinga lomsebenzi? Futhi siqonde ukuthini ngalokhu? Lapha sikutshela konke okufanele ukwazi ngaye. Thola!
Lithini izinga lomsebenzi
Uma siya ku-RAE (Royal Spanish Academy), futhi sibheka leli gama kuyo, isichazamazwi sisinika incazelo elandelayo:
«Inkomba evezwe njengephesenti elikala ukushuba kokuqashwa kanye namandla okukhiqiza ezwe, okuyisilinganiso phakathi kwabantu abasebenzayo kanye nenani labantu abaneminyaka yobudala esebenzayo».
Kuyinkomba ye-macroeconomic esetshenziselwa ukukala iphesenti labantu abasebenzayo (abakhuluma ngokomnotho) ngokwengqikithi yenani labantu. Lokhu kwakamuva kungathathwa ngokusekelwe emphakathini ozibusayo noma ngokusekelwe ezweni, yingakho idatha ezosetshenziswa kufomula iyahluka.
Nokho, kufanele sicabangele lokho okubizwa ngokuthi umuntu okhuthele ngokwezomnotho. Kulokhu, futhi ngokwe-ILO (International Labour Organization), laba kungaba kokubili abantu abaqashiwe nabangasebenzi. Kucatshangelwa ukuthi:
Abantu abaqashiwe yilabo abanomsebenzi, ngakho-ke bayingxenye yemisebenzi yezomnotho. Lapha akuhlukaniswa abasebenzi abaqashwe ngokugcwele nabayitoho, kodwa bebezongena bonke.
Abantu abangasebenzi yilabo abangenawo umsebenzi, futhi abawufuna ngenkuthalo umsebenzi (uma bengawenzi bazothathwa njengabantu abangasebenzi).
Kodwa-ke, kuyadingeka ukwazi ukuthi abantu abaneminyaka yobudala yokusebenza bayini. Laba yilabo bantu abaneminyaka engu-16 noma ngaphezulu, ngakho-ke, sebengakwazi kakade ukusebenza, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bayakwenza noma cha. Ngamanye amazwi, umuntu oneminyaka engu-16 usevele ewela ngaphakathi kwaleli qembu, kodwa akusho ukuthi ukhuthele ukusebenza (noma ukufuna umsebenzi).
Kungani izinga lomsebenzi libalulekile?
Manje usunombono owengeziwe wokuthi liyini izinga lomsebenzi. Kodwa mhlawumbe awuboni ukuthi kufanele kubaluleke kangakanani. Kulokhu, le datha iyinkomba yezinkomba zomnotho wezwe noma indawo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezikhathini eziningi ifomula yezinga lomsebenzi liyashintsha. Futhi kungenxa yokuthi bakwenza ngokuhlukanisa inani labantu elisebenzayo phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane, abasha nabadala, izinga lezifundo... Okusiza ukusungula izinqubomgomo zokuqashwa ezingcono kakhulu zaleyo ndawo.
Futhi kuyinani elibonisa ukuthi ingabe likhona yini inani labantu elisebenzayo elingaphezu kokuntuleka kwemisebenzi okungenzeka kube khona, okungukuthi, bangaki abantu kwabayi-100 abakwazi ukuba nomsebenzi noma bawubheke ngenkuthalo.
Ithini ifomula yesilinganiso somsebenzi?
Lapho ubala izinga lomsebenzi, kunefomula. Nokho, lokhu kucabangela inani labantu abaneminyaka yokusebenza, noma ngaphezulu kweminyaka engu-16 ubudala. Iyiphi leyo? Kungaba inani labantu abasebenzayo.
Futhi lokhu kutholakala ngokwengeza inani labantu abasebenzayo kanye nenani labantu abangasebenzi.
Ngamanye amazwi. Ake ucabange ukuthi ezweni kunabantu abasebenzayo abayizigidi eziyi-13 nezigidi ezi-5 abantu abangasebenzi.
Ngokusho kwefomula yabantu abasebenzayo, kokubili kuzodingeka kwengezwe. Lokho kusho ukuthi:
Isibalo sabantu abasebenzayo = Abantu abaqashiwe + Abantu abangasebenzi
PA = 13000000 + 5000000
PA = 18000000
Ngale datha, manje sidinga ukwazi inani labantu beminyaka yokusebenza, okungukuthi, abantu abangaphezu kweminyaka eyi-16.
Lokhu kutholwa ngokungeza inani labantu abasebenzayo nabangasebenzi. Uma sicabanga ukuthi sinezigidi ezingu-31 ezingasebenzi, ifomula ingaba kanje:
Isibalo seminyaka yokusebenza = Isibalo sabantu abasebenzayo + Abantu abangasebenzi
I-PET = 18000000 + 31000000
I-PET = 49000000
Manje singakunikeza izinga lomsebenzi. Ifomula yayo yile elandelayo:
Izinga lomsebenzi = (Isibalo sabantu abasebenzayo / Isibalo sabantu beminyaka yokusebenza noma ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-16) x 100
TA = (18000000 / 49000000) x 100
TA = 0,3673 x 100
AT = 36,73%
Ngamanye amazwi, kwabayi-100, abangama-36,73 banomsebenzi noma bawufuna ngenkuthalo.
Ubani oshicilela idatha yezinga lomsebenzi
Uma ufuna ukwazi idatha yase-Spain ngokwezinga lomsebenzi (kanye nokunye okuguquguqukayo), kufanele uye ku-National Institute of Statistics (INE).
Ukwenza lokhu, kwenziwa inhlolovo yanyanga zonke, i-Active Population Survey (EPA), ekhethwe imindeni (seyiyonke, imindeni engaba ngu-65000, okungaba abantu abayizi-180000) ukuze kutholwe ulwazi ngemakethe yezemisebenzi (kanye ne- ezinye izinguquko).
Isibonelo Sefomula Yesilinganiso Somsebenzi
Ake sihambe nesinye isibonelo ukuze wazi ukuthi ungayibala kanjani uma kwenzeka ungayitholi idatha.
Unabantu abaqashiwe abayizigidi eziyi-17. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abangasebenzi bangu-4 million kanti abangasebenzi bangu-11 million.
Into yokuqala okumele uyazi ukuthi siyini isibalo sabantu abasebenzayo, okungukuthi, isamba sabasebenzi abaqashiwe nabangasebenzi.
PA = 17 million + 4 million
PA = 21 million.
Manje sidinga ukwazi ukuthi siyini isibalo sabantu abaneminyaka yobudala, ikakhulukazi i-PET.
Lesi sibalo sitholwa ngokwengeza inani labantu abasebenzayo kanye nenani labantu elingasebenzi. Ngamanye amazwi:
I-PET = Isibalo sabantu abasebenzayo + Abantu abangasebenzi
I-PET = 21 million + 11 million
I-PET = 32 million.
Manje njengoba unayo inani labantu abasebenzayo nalabo beminyaka yokusebenza, sibala izinga lomsebenzi:
TA = (Isibalo sabantu abasebenzayo / Isibalo sabantu beminyaka yokusebenza) x 100
TA = (izigidi ezingu-21 / 32 million) x 100
TA = 65,62%
Ngamanye amazwi, kubantu abayi-100, bangu-65,62 abanomsebenzi noma abawufuna ngenkuthalo.
Njengoba ubona, ifomula yesilinganiso somsebenzi kulula uma unedatha oyidingayo. Futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, ingakusiza ukuthi ubone ukuthi izwe liyakhiqiza yini ngokwemibandela yokuqashwa (noma ukukhuthala ukufuna umsebenzi) noma cha. Ingabe uke waliqonda izinga lomsebenzi?