Ngaphakathi kwezomnotho kunemikhakha eyehlukene ehlanganisa imisebenzi eyahlukahlukene. Umkhakha oyinhloko uguqula imithombo yemvelo ibe yizinto zokusetshenziswa zomkhakha wesibili, okuyimboni. Lapho, izinto zokusetshenziswa ziguqulwa zibe yimikhiqizo yabathengi. Kepha uyini umkhakha wemfundo ephakeme? Lokhu kuhlobene nayo yonke leyo misebenzi ehlobene nokuguqula izinsizakalo zezinto ezibonakalayo noma ezingakhiqizi. Ngamanye amagama: Sfuthi ibhekele ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi inhloso yayo ukwanelisa izidingo zabantu kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yomhlaba.
Kungumkhakha obalulekile wokukhiqiza ohlelweni lwamanje. Kubandakanya neminye imikhakha efana nezohwebo, ezokuvakasha, ezezimali, ezokuxhumana ngocingo kanye neminye imisebenzi kahulumeni. UPaul Krugman, usomnotho owine izindondo, uyakukholelwa lokho Ukwehla komkhiqizo emkhakheni wezinsizakalo nobunzima obubandakanyekile ekuwuthuthukiseni kuyimbangela enkulu yokuma kwamazwe amaningi ngokwezinga lokuphila. Uma ufuna ukwazi kabanzi ngomkhakha wemfundo ephakeme, imisebenzi yawo nokwakhiwa kwawo, unganqikazi ukuqhubeka nokufunda.
Imisebenzi yomkhakha wemfundo ephakeme
Phakathi kwemikhakha emithathu, umkhakha wezemfundo ephakeme yilowo ohlela, osiza futhi oqondise umsebenzi wokukhiqiza weminye imikhakha emibili (umkhakha wamabanga aphansi nowesibili / wemboni). Ngenxa yalokhu, kubhekwa njengomkhakha wokukhiqiza. Noma kunjalo, ngaphakathi komsebenzi wezomnotho, imisebenzi yayo eyinhloko ukusatshalaliswa nokusetshenziswa.
Lapho lo mkhakha ubusa kakhulu kweminye emibili, inqubo yokukhishwa kwabasebenzi yenzeka emnothweni othuthuke kakhulu. Kuyinguquko yezenhlalo nezomnotho ekhulisa imisebenzi yezinsizakalo, noma lokho kuyefana: kusuka emkhakheni wezemfundo ephakeme. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lo mkhakha yiwona ophethe amaphesenti aphezulu wabantu abasebenza futhi onikela ngamaphesenti amakhulu ku-GDP yezwe ngalinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo yokukhishwa kwabasebenzi ayisho kuphela ukukhula kwezinsizakalo, kepha nokusabalalisa indlela yokusebenza emkhakheni wezemfundo ephakeme kweminye imikhakha.
Ukwakheka komkhakha wemfundo ephakeme
Ukuphendula umbuzo wokuthi uyini umkhakha wemfundo ephakeme, kufanele sikhumbule yonke imikhakha eyakha izinsiza. Okwamanje, iphesenti elikhulu labasebenzi lingelezinsizakalo. Ngezansi sizobona uhlu lwemikhakha engaphansi ethintekayo ehlanganisa umkhakha wemfundo ephakeme ngokubambisana:
- Imisebenzi yokuzilibazisa, amasiko, ezemidlalo nemibukiso. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izimboni ezibukwayo (umculo, ifilimu, imidlalo yevidiyo). Ngokuphambene nalokho, imboni yokushicilela nobuciko bezithombe kuyingxenye yomkhakha wesibili.
- Imisebenzi yezezimali: Yilapho kungena khona ukubhenka, imakethe yamasheya, umshuwalense nezinye izimakethe zamasheya.
- Izicelo ze-ICT (ubuchwepheshe bolwazi nezokuxhumana): i-Intanethi, ikhompyutha.
- Ezentengiselwano: Lokhu kufaka ama-franchise, okuthengiswayo kanye nokuthengisa.
- Umsebenzi womphakathi / ukuphathwa komphakathi: Le yimisebenzi ephathelene nezinsizakalo zomphakathi, ukumelwa kwezepolitiki, ezokuvikela nezokuphepha (amaphoyisa, izicishamlilo, amasosha, ukuvikelwa komphakathi, njll.) Nobulungiswa (abameli, abameli, amajaji, njll.).
- Ukungenisa izihambi nezokuvakasha.
- Abezindaba: Ngokuyinhloko bangabezindaba, ithelevishini nomsakazo.
- Imisebenzi Yezinkampani: Ukuphathwa nokuphathwa kwezinkampani, ukukhangisa, ukubonisana, izeluleko zezomnotho, insizakalo yezomthetho, utshalomali, insizakalo yezobuchwepheshe, njll.
- Izinsizakalo zomuntu siqu: Ingabe lezo zinsizakalo zihlobene nezenhlalakahle (imfundo, ukunakekelwa kokuncika, impilo, izinsizakalo zomphakathi, abalungisa izinwele, njll.)
- Ezokuxhumana ngocingo: Lezi izindlela zomuntu siqu ezifana nocingo.
- Ezokuthutha nokuxhumana
Izinkampani ezisiza umphakathi
Ngokuvamile, lapho ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda yenkampani esetshenziswayo kuyingxenye yomkhakha wesibili noma wemboni. Kodwa-ke, lapho behlinzeka ngezinsizakalo kubantu babhekwa njengengxenye yomkhakha wemfundo ephakeme. Ibhizinisi elifanayo lingafakwa kuzo zombili ngaphandle kwenkinga. Njengomthetho ojwayelekile, ezomnotho zithuthuka ngokuqhubekela phambili esakhiweni esisuselwa kunsizakalo. Eyokuqala kwakuyi-United Kingdom, eyasuka emnothweni wezolimo yaya kowezimboni yaze yafinyelela ezinsizakalweni njengesisekelo. Eminye iminotho, ebizwa nangokuthi ezomnotho ezenziwa ngemuva kwezimboni, seyivele yeqe kunaleyo yamaNgisi.
Ezomnotho
Lapho yonke imisebenzi yezomnotho engenzeka iphathwa njengensizakalo, sikhuluma ngomnotho wesevisi. Ukuze siwuqonde kangcono lo mqondo, ake sinikeze isibonelo: IBM (International Business Machines Corporation) iyinkampani edumile yamazwe amaningi ekhiqiza futhi ithengise isoftware ne-hardware. Le nkampani iphatha ibhizinisi layo ngokungathi yibhizinisi lezinsizakalo. Ngaphandle kokuthi amakhompyutha ewakhiqizayo ahlala esebenza kahle, ibheka izimpahla ezibonakalayo njengengxenye encane yomkhakha wezixazululo zebhizinisi.
Izinkampani eziningi zithole ukuthi ukuqina kwesidingo sezixazululo zebhizinisi kuncane kakhulu kune-hardware. Ushintsho olulinganayo lungatholakala maqondana nemodeli yentengo yokubhalisile. Ngenxa, abenzi banemali engenayo engaguquki ngenxa yezivumelwano ezisebenzayo, ngokungafani nokuthola inkokhelo yesikhathi esisodwa kusuka kwimishini eyenziwe
Ngokuvamile, imboni ivulekele kakhulu ukuncintisana kanye nokuhwebelana namanye amazwe kunomkhakha wemfundo ephakeme. Umphumela odalwe yilokhu ukwanda kokuhlaselwa okuncintisanayo okutholwe iminotho yokuqala yezimboni engxenyeni yamazwe aseqalile ukukhiqiza kamuva. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izindleko zokukhiqiza, ikakhulukazi izindleko zabasebenzi, ziphansi kakhulu emnothweni wezimboni omusha. Isivumelwano sokukhiqiza emnothweni omkhulu kungaba yisizathu esisodwa sokuthi bathembele kakhulu emkhakheni wezinsizakalo.
Kunabanye osomnotho abaxwayisa ngokuthi izinsizakalo zinobunzima obukhethekile obuthile. Omunye wabo ungomunye wabaphumelele kwi-Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences ukukhumbula u-Alfred Nobel, waseMelika uPaul Krugman. Uveza ukuthi kunezinsizakalo ezingathunyelwa kwamanye amazwe nokuthi izimpahla eziningi zomnotho emkhakheni wezemfundo ephakeme zithola inzuzo encane ekukhiqizeni ngenxa yomehluko kwezokukhiqizwa kwezimboni.