Yini i-IMF

Impela lokho Wake wezwa nge-IMF, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuthelevishini, kumaphephandaba, emsakazweni ... Kuyindikimba ebaluleke kakhulu, kodwa iyini i-IMF?

Ngezansi sizokutshela ukuthi hlobo luni lwebhizinisi lawa ma-akhronimi ahambisana nalo, ukuthi uyini umsebenzi walo nezinye izici ezizocacisa kakhulu ukuthi lenzani.

Yini i-IMF

Okokuqala nje kufanele ukwazi lokho isifinyezo se-IMF sibhekisa ku-International Monetary Fund. Kuyinhlangano ethathwa njengesizinda sohlelo lwezimali lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngamanye amazwi, sikhuluma ngenhlangano eyasungulwa ngaphansi kweNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene eyayifuna ukusimamisa wonke amazwe ngokwezimali.

Kuyinto eyakhiwe ngamazwe ayi-184 indima yawo ukusebenzela ukukhuthaza ukubambisana kwezimali emhlabeni jikelele, okusho ukuthi, wonke amazwe abambisana ukuze kube nokulingana phakathi kwezimali. Kodwa futhi inomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwezezimali, ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe, ukukhuthaza imisebenzi kanye nokukhula komnotho.

Ukufeza konke lokhu, amazwe ngokwawo yiwo okumele alandele iziqondiso ezisungulwe yi-IMF. Futhi bakwenza kanjani? Ngezinguquko ngaphakathi komthetho wezomnotho.

Ngenkathi kwakhiwa i-IMF

I-IMF, noma i-International Monetary Fund Yadalwa phakathi neminyaka yawo-40, ikakhulukazi ngo-1944, lapho umhlangano weZizwe Ezihlangene wawubanjelwe e-United States. (nguJohn Maynard Keynes noHarry Dexter White). Ingqungquthela eyaziwa kakhulu yezivumelwano zeBretton Woods (okuyindawo eyabanjelwe khona), yaphakamisa isivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe lapho amazwe angaphezu kwamashumi amane ayehlangene khona anquma ukusayina, ngoba kwakuwusizo lokubambisana kwezomnotho ezingeni lomhlaba wonke ngenhloso. yokunciphisa Imithelela Yokuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho.

Kodwa-ke, asikwazi ukusho ngokusemthethweni ukuthi i-IMF yasungulwa kwaze kwaba nguZibandlela ka-1945, lapho isungulwa ngokusemthethweni, kuleli cala inamazwe angama-29 asayinile, okuthe ngemva nje kokuba amanye angu-15 ajoyina, okwenza inani lamalungu angu-44.

Ngakho, ukuba khona kwalo mzimba kwazalwa ngoba kwakuhloswe ukuba kube isikhungo esizolawula uhlelo lwezimali lwamazwe ngamazwe, hhayi kuphela izinkokhelo zamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa futhi namazinga okushintshaniswa kwezimali zezwe. Ngale ndlela, babenethuluzi lokugwema izinkinga, njengoba beluleka - futhi beluleka - amazwe ukuthi athathe izinyathelo eziqinile zomnotho ukugwema izinkinga noma izinkinga ezinkulu.

Njengamanje, futhi kusukela ngo-1948, i-IMF inezinga elifanayo lokuqashelwa njengezinye izikhungo, njenge-WHO, UNESCO, FAO ...

Indlela i-IMF neBhange Lomhlaba ehluke ngayo

Yazi ukuthi zombili i-IMF neBhange Lomhlaba zinemvelaphi efanayo. Bobabili bazalwa ngaphandle kweNgqungquthela yaseBretton Woods ngo-1944. Nokho, babhekana nezihloko ezihlukene.

Ngesikhathi IBhange Lomhlaba lihlose ukusebenzisana namazwe asathuthuka futhi lizame ukunciphisa ubumpofu Kuzo, ukwanda kokuchuma, okwenziwa yi-IMF ukusimamisa uhlelo lwezimali lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Ngamanye amazwi, iBhange Lomhlaba yilo eliphethe ukunikeza ngezimali, izeluleko kanye nosizo lwezobuchwepheshe; Kodwa yi-IMF eyenza imali ebolekiwe futhi iqaphe umnotho.

Abakha i-International Monetary Fund

Njengoba sesishilo phambilini, i-IMF yakhiwe amazwe angamalungu ayi-184, futhi ngalinye linokumeleleka. Eqinisweni, banazo:

• Ibhodi Lababusi. Lapho amazwe angamalungu amelwe khona. Lokhu kuhlangana kanye ngonyaka kuqokwa umbusi obamele, kanye nomunye umbusi (uma lowo wokuqala engakwazi ukusebenza). Akabophezelekile kuphela ezindabeni ezibalulekile zenqubomgomo yezomnotho, kodwa futhi nokudlulisela lezo zindaba kuBhodi Labaqondisi Abaphezulu.
• Isigungu Esiphezulu. Lapho kukhona abaqondisi abakhulu abangama-24. Iholwa uMqondisi Ophethe we-IMF futhi bahlangana cishe kathathu ngesonto, ngezikhathi zasekuseni nantambama, nakuba imihlangano ngezinye izikhathi ingabanjwa kaningi. Kula malungu, iMelika, iGermany, iFrance, iJapan, iChina, i-United Kingdom, iSaudi Arabia neRussia banezihlalo zabo, kuthi abasele abangu-16 bakhethelwe ihlandla leminyaka emibili.

Indlela i-IMF exhaswa ngayo ngezimali

Nakuba sikhuluma ngenhlangano yezezimali ebhekele ukuzinza kwezezimali emhlabeni wonke, iqiniso liwukuthi, ukuze yenze umsebenzi wayo, kufanele ibe nemithombo yezimali. Kodwa uwathathaphi?

El I-International Monetary Fund inezinsiza zayo, okuyizinkokhelo ilungu ngalinye okufanele lizikhokhele ukuba yingxenye yaleli bhizinisi. I-quota akuyona into ehleliwe kodwa ibalwa ngokwesisekelo sezwe ngalinye futhi okusekelwe ekukhuleni komnotho walo (i-GDP iyahlaziywa futhi ibuyekezwa njalo eminyakeni emihlanu). Ngakho-ke, izwe elinokukhula okuhle kakhulu lizokhokha kakhulu kunalelo elinokuncane kakhulu.

Nokho, lo mthombo akuyona yodwa esetshenziselwa ukuxhasa i-IMF ngezimali. Kunezinketho eziningi ezifana nalezi:

• Ukubanjwa kwesikweletu, okungukuthi, ukukwazi ukuba uhlobo "lwebhange" ukuthola inzuzo yokuboleka imali.
• Izivumelwano zemalimboleko. Ngokuqondile, sikhuluma ngezinhlobo ezimbili:

• • Izivumelwano Ezijwayelekile zokuthola imali ebolekiwe (ezokuqala ngo-1962).
  • Izivumelwano ezintsha zokubolekwa kwemali (ukubuyekezwa kwezangaphambili ezasungulwa ngo-1997).

I-International Monetary Fund isiza kanjani amazwe

Eminye yemibuzo abaningi abavame ukuyibuza ukuthi i-IMF isiza kanjani amazwe. Futhi wukuthi phakathi kwemisebenzi esike saphawula ngayo kuwena phambilini, omunye wayo wukunikeza amazwe ngezimali.

Ngamanye amazwi, sikhuluma ngayo I-IMF ngokwayo inganikeza usizo nokuboleka amazwe lapho engakwazi ngezikweletu zawo. Futhi ukwenza kanjani? Ngokukunikeza ikhono lokuthonya izinqubomgomo zezomnotho. Okungukuthi bayaboleka le mali inqobo nje uma kwenziwa uchungechunge lwemigomo, izidingo kanye nezinguquko kumgomo wezomnotho, kodwa hhayi ukuhlomulisa inhlangano, kodwa ukuzama ukukhuculula, ngandlela thize, umnotho wezwe, ukuze unganciki emalini ebolekiwe abanye.

Njengoba ubona, ukwazi ukuthi i-IMF iyini kulula, futhi ngandlela-thile iba yinhlangano ebaluleke kakhulu ekuzinzeni komnotho kuwo wonke amazwe omhlaba (noma cishe wonke, njengoba kuphela i-184 ye-193 ekhona kuwo wonke izohlanganiswa. ).Umhlaba).

Ingabe sekucace kakhudlwana kuwena ukuthi iyini, imisebenzi, uxhaso lwezimali kanye nezici ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-International Monetary Fund?