I-Keynesianism, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Keynesian economics, noma i-Keynesian mode, isebenza ngendaba yezomnotho eyashiwo ngusomnotho uJohn Maynard Keynes, yingakho ibizwa kanjalo.
Kodwa, Kuyini uKeynesianism? Ngabe imodeli yakho ibhekisa kuphi futhi uthini umbono wezomnotho ngomnotho? Nakhu esizokhuluma ngakho ngokulandelayo.
John Maynard Keynes uyaba ubani?
John Maynard Keynes Wayengomunye wezomnotho obaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni. Wazalelwa eCambridge ngo-1883, futhi washona ngo-1946 eSussex, ungomunye wosomnotho baseBrithani ababenethonya elikhulu ngekhulu lama-XNUMX, kangangoba imibono yakhe nendlela yakhe yokucabanga yaba nomthelela (futhi kusenjalo) kuzo zombili izinqubomgomo zezomnotho kanye izinqubomgomo. imibono yakho.
Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala, njengesisebenzi sikahulumeni seHome Civil Services, samyisa eNdiya, lapho akwazi khona ukufunda ngokujulile ukuthi uhlelo lwezezimali lwaseNdiya lwalunjani. Noma kunjalo, akugcinanga lapho. Ekhathele umsebenzi wakhe, wanquma ukuyeka futhi wabuyela eCambridge University ukuze abe nguprofesa, okuyinto ayenza kuyo yonke impilo yakhe.
Ngaphandle kwalokhu, wasebenzisana, njengomeluleki, eMnyangweni Wezezimali waseBrithani, eklama izinkontileka zezikweletu phakathi kwe-United Kingdom namanye amazwe ahlangene naye (ngezikhathi zempi). Wayephinde abe yilungu lamabhodi ahlukene abaqondisi bezinkampani zomshuwalense nezinkampani zezezimali, waze waqondisa nesonto lomnotho.
Ngakho-ke, kungabonakala ukuthi lo mlingiswa ubengagcini nje ngokuba umnikelo omkhulu emnothweni, kepha futhi nokuzibandakanya kwakhe kwezepolitiki, yize kusuka endaweni yesibili noma yesithathu, kube nomthelela empilweni yakhe.
Kuyini uKeynesianism
I-Keynesianism, eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-Keynes's theory noma imodeli, empeleni iyi- umbono wezomnotho osuselwa ekungeneleni kombuso. Ngalokhu, bekufanele ithonye inqubomgomo yezomnotho ukuze iphinde isebenze ukufunwa futhi isize ukusetshenziswa kokuphakanyiswa.
Ngamanye amagama, lokho umlobi ayehlose ukuthi uMbuso uqobo utshale imali ekusebenziseni, ukuze, kuthuthukiswe izakhamizi okuthi, ngenxa yokuba nemali yokuyisebenzisa, zikwenze lokho, ngaleyo ndlela zikwazi ukuvuselela wonke umnotho wezwe. Ngalesi sizathu, kungenye yemibono ethi, ngezikhathi zobunzima, ivame ukuba sezindebeni zomuntu wonke.
I-Keynesianism yazalwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-1936; futhi wakwenza ngenhloso yokukhipha izwe ebunzimeni. Yashicilelwa kwiGeneral Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money ngo-XNUMX, ngemuva nje kweGreat Depression.
Kufanele Iqondwe Kanjani Ithiyori YaseKesynia
Cabanga ukuthi unezwe elisenkingeni. Imvamisa, lokho uMbuso okucabangayo ukukhulisa intela yokuqongelela imali eningi ukuze ingangeni esikweletini. Kepha kungcono kakhulu? Uma wenza lokho, ozokwenza ukuthi abantu bahlupheke kakhulu, ukuthi izinkampani zicwile kakhulu futhi eziningi zigcina zivaliwe. Ngamafuphi, uhlupha izwe ukuze uthole imali yoMbuso (ekugcineni engathinti izimpilo zezakhamizi).
Kunalokho, I-Keynesianism yayisekelwe kwenye indlela yokubhekana nale nkinga. Vele, sikhuluma esikhathini esifushane ngoba, uma kwenziwa esikhathini eside kunengozi enkulu yokwenza inkinga ibe nkulu kakhulu.
Wathini uKeynes? Usungule ukuthi, ngezikhathi zobunzima, Amazwe kufanele akhuphule ukusetshenziswa kwemali yomphakathi, kungaba ngeGross Domestic Product (GDP), ngokukhipha isikweletu sangaphandle ... (kodwa hhayi ngokwandisa intela noma ukwehlisa amaholo., Okungathinti izakhamuzi). Lokhu kwenzelwe ukuthi uMbuso ube nemali okumele itshalwe, ngokwesibonelo emisebenzini yomphakathi, ngenhloso yokuthi leyo mali enayo ikhokhwe ezinkampanini ezinikezwe imisebenzi.
Kepha lezi zinkampani azigcini yonke imali, zikhokha abasebenzi bazo, abahlinzeki, njll ngayo. Lezi zisebenzi sezivele zinemali, ngakho-ke zingachitha kwezinye izinkampani. Ngale ndlela, lezi ezinye izinkampani zidinga abasebenzi ukuhlangabezana nesidingo, imikhiqizo abazoyithengisa, njll. futhi, ngale ndlela, umnotho uvuselelwa kabusha, okudala ukuqashwa okwengeziwe, ukufuneka kakhulu kwemikhiqizo. Ngamanye amagama, abangasebenzi nemishini bayeke ukungasebenzi bese beqala ukukhiqiza.
Manje, njengoba besikutshelile ngaphambili, lokhu kunezinzuzo zesikhashana nje kuphela. Futhi ngukuthi, lapho ngamunye walabo abathintekayo echitha, bazokwenza njalo, kodwa hhayi bonke, kodwa ingxenye. Inkinga ukuthi, kancane kancane, leyo ngxenye yezindleko iya ngokuya incipha.
UKeynes ubecabanga ukuthi izinkinga azinakuxazululwa ngokukhokhela abathengi, kepha nguMbuso owangena ezikweletini ukukhuphula isidingo, futhi okwamanje lapho kubonakala ngcono khona, ukwehlisa ijubane leyo modeli ukugwema imiphumela emikhulu (inkinga enkulu).
Izici ze-Keynesianism
Ukwenza umbono we-Keynesian ucace kuwe, amaphuzu abalulekile okufanele uwazi kahle yilawa alandelayo:
- Ithuluzi elikhulu lokulwa nenkinga yinqubomgomo yezomnotho. Lokhu kungukhiye wokuvuselela izwe, esikhathini esifushane nangesikhathi esiphakathi nesikhathi eside.
- Kuyadingeka kakhulu ukukhuthaza ukufunwa, kepha ukukwenza ngokutshala leyo mali kuzinsizakusebenza zezinkampani, zona ezitshala ingxenye yaleyo mali kwabanye, ngendlela yokuthi udala umsebenzi nokufunwa.
- Kubalulekile ukuthi, kanye nenqubomgomo yezomnotho, inqubomgomo yezimali iyenziwa leyo mali esele nokulawula umnotho ngasikhathi sinye.
- Okwe-Keynes, ingozi enkulu ezweni ukungasebenzi. Lapho abantu bema ngokwengeziwe, imishini eyengeziwe iyema. Lokho kusho ukuthi izinkampani ziyamiswa ngakho-ke, akekho umuntu othola imali azokwazi ukusebenzisa ngayo ukuze umnotho uhambe.
Ekuphetheni, imodeli yaseKynnesia isinikeza umbono wokuthi ukukhuphuka kwemali esetshenziswa ngumphakathi, ngaphandle kokuthinta izikhwama zabathengi, kungasiza kanjani izwe ukuphuma enkingeni esikhathini esifushane. Kepha akusona isisombululo okufanele siphathe umnotho wezwe (ngoba, ekugcineni, sizogcina siqhuma futhi sizodala inkinga enkulu kakhulu (izwe linezikweletu futhi liphila ngaphezu kwamandla alo).