Namuhla kunezimali eziningi kakhulu ezingadida kakhulu. Imali engenayo engaguquki, imali yezimali, imali yemali, izimali ezixubekile, nezikhwama zezimali! Kepha kukhona ongaba nelukuluku lokwazi ngenxa yegama layo: Isikhwama samanqe. Siyini isizinda samanqe? Isebenza kanjani?
Uma ufuna ukwazi izimpendulo zale mibuzo, ngincoma ukuthi uqhubeke ufunda. Sizochaza ukuthi siyini isikhwama samanqe, ukuthi sisebenza kanjani nokuthi yiziphi eziseSpain. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sizophawula ngemodi yakhe yokusebenza phakathi nenkinga yango-2008, ukuze uthole umbono ongcono wendlela asebenza ngayo.
Kungani ibizwa ngokuthi isikhwama samanqe?
Ukuqonda igama lalezi zimali, sizoqala sichaze ukuthi siyini isikhwama samanqe. Lezi izinhlangano zezomnotho zotshalo-mali lwamahhala noma imali yebhizinisi ethola lezo zibambiso zezikweletu zezinkampani ezinokungathembeki okuhle kakhulu, kepha futhi naseMelika ezisencwadini yokuqothuka. Lokho kusho ukuthi: Ngokuyinhloko ziyizimali ezinkulu noma zokutshala imali ezinobungozi obukhulu inhloso yazo ukuthenga izibambiso zezikweletu, kungaba ezomphakathi nezangasese, zezinkampani noma zamazwe anezinkinga ezinkulu kakhulu. Ngokuvamile ziphakathi kuka-20% no-30% ngaphansi kwenani lazo eliphansi.
Igama laso loqobo isiNgisi, «vulture fund», okusho ngokwezwi nezwi ukuthi «vulture fund». Amanqezi angama-raptor adla kakhulu ku-carrion. Uyabona ukufana? Kokubili izimali zamanqe nalezi zilwane zisebenzisa izinsalela, yingakho zinalo leli gama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zimali zaziwa nangokuthi 'ukubanjwa'. Kodwa-ke, leli gama empeleni lisetshenziselwa ukubhekisa kubaninimasheya. Lokhu kungenzeka kutholwe njengengxenye yecebo lokutshala imali futhi ngokuvamile abavumi ukubamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kabusha kwezikweletu. Esikhundleni salokho bakhetha ukuqala icala ngezinkantolo.
Kusazokwaziwa ukuthi izimali zamanqe bathambekele ekubeni nolwazi olunzulu kakhulu ngezimakethe abahlose ukungena kuzo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvamile akhiwa amaqembu amakhulu nochwepheshe, bobabili abameli kanye nochwepheshe ezinkambisweni zokuhlelwa kabusha kwebhizinisi.
Sisebenza kanjani isikhwama samanqe?
Manje siyazi ukuthi siyini isikhwama samanqe, kepha sisebenza kanjani? Benzani ngalezo zikweletu abazitholile? Lapho usuzithengile iziqu esizibalulile ngenhla, izimali zamanqezi zenza konke okusemandleni azo ukuqoqa inani eligcwele lalezi zikweletu. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, bahlanganisa inzalo yayo yonke iminyaka abayikweleta. Lapho benza lolu hlobo lokusebenza, ababheki ukwehliswa noma ukwakhiwa kabusha.
Izimali zamanqezi zinochwepheshe inhloso yabo ukuthola izimakethe ezisesimweni somnotho esibi kakhulu. Labachwepheshe banolwazi oluningi futhi bazi kahle kamhlophe ukuthi izinqubo zokwenziwa kabusha kwezinkampani zisebenza kanjani. Lapho sebekwazile ukuthenga izimpahla ngentengo ephansi kakhulu, bazama ukuzithengisa esikhathini esifushane noma esiphakathi ngentengo ephakeme kakhulu kunaleyo abayikhokhele ukuyithola. Njengoba kungalindelwa, izinzuzo abazitholayo zikhulu kakhulu.
Kunamanye amazwe afike agxeka lolu hlobo lokusebenza kakhulu. Njengoba izimali zamanqe zikhiqiza inzuzo ngenxa yezikweletu zamazwe noma izinkampani ezisesimweni esinzima kakhulu, onqenqemeni lokuqothuka, bese zikuthengisa ngentengo ephakeme kakhulu kumthengi ophakeme kunabo bonke, bakuthatha njengokungekuhle.
ISpain nezimali zamanqe
Ngo-2008 kwenzeka inkinga ebaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho izimali zamanqe zaba ezibaluleke kakhulu eSpain. Ngaleso sikhathi, bathenga kakhulu imalimboleko ehlukahlukene yezindlu. I-modus operandi yabo ibisuselwa ekuthengeni isikweletu ebhange futhi ngemuva kwalokho bafake ingcindezi kulowo okweletayo ukuze abuyise isikweletu esiphelele abasitholile. Njengomphumela walokho, okweletayo, obesevele enesikweletu nebhange futhi mhlawumbe nesimo somnotho esibi, akakwazanga ukusithatha lesi sikweletu. Ngaleso sikhathi, izimali zamanqe zaqhubeka nokusola ngaleyo ndlela zaqala inqubo yokuqothula.
Ikakhulu eSpain lapho izimali zamanqe zigxile ekuthengeni ikakhulukazi imali ebanjwayo, izinkampani nezikweletu zasebhange. Phakathi kwezindawo ezaziwa kakhulu eSpain kukhona iCerberus, iLone Star neBlackstone. Kepha imali ingaphatha malini? Yebo, ivolumu yemali abazihlanganisayo ingafinyelela kalula kumakhulu ezigidigidi zama-euro.
Uma sibhekene nesimangalo sesikhwama samanqe, into yokuqala okufanele siyenze ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ngumbolekisi weqiniso. Uma kunjalo, singazama ukuxoxisana naye. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kulula kunokuxoxisana namabhange uqobo.
Ngiyethemba ngicacise konke ukungabaza kwakho ngezimali zamanqe nendlela yayo. Yizinhlangano okufanele ziphathwe ngokucophelela okukhulu futhi zifunde njalo ukuphrinta okuhle.