Ungacabanga ukuthi kwakunendlela yokwazi ukuthi yini umuntu ayengayikhetha lapho izindleko nezinzuzo zincike kwabanye abantu? Hhayi-ke, iqiniso liwukuthi likhona ithuluzi, elisetshenziswa kwezomnotho, kodwa futhi izibalo, biology, sociology, psychology kanye namanye amagatsha. Sikhuluma ngethiyori yomdlalo.
Kodwa wake wezwa ngakho? Uyazi ukuthi isebenza kanjani nokuthi kungani ibaluleke kangaka futhi ibalulekile emnothweni. Okulandelayo sizokhuluma ngaye.
Iyini ithiyori yomdlalo
Njengoba sinitshelile ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko, ithiyori yegeyimu iyingxenye yezibalo nezomnotho futhi icwaninga ukuthi yikuphi ukukhetha okungcono kakhulu lapho izindleko nezinzuzo zinqunywa izinqumo zabanye abantu.
Singasho ukuthi wumdlalo lapho kuhlaziywa ukuziphatha komuntu kusetshenziswa imidlalo yamasu. Ngokukhetha kwabantu ungabheka futhi uqonde ukuthi abadlali bacabanga kanjani.
Umsuka wethiyori yomdlalo
Abokuqala abakhuluma ngethiyori yemidlalo kwakunguJohn von Neumann noJohn Forbes Nash ngo-1928. Nokho, bazisekela emibhalweni yomunye umbhali, uJames Waldegrave, owaqala ngo-1713. Kuzo, umbhali ukhulume ngesisombululo samasu axubile esincane sabantu ababili kumdlalo wamakhadi.
Kuyaziwa futhi ukuthi, ngo-1838, omunye umbhali, u-Antoine Augustin Cournot, wenza umsebenzi we-duopoly.
Eminyakeni eminingi ngemva kokuhlaziywa kukaNeumann noNash, ngo-1950, kwavela "inkinga yeziboshwa", enye yezidume kakhulu emdlalweni wegeyimu. Yakhiwe ngu-Merill M. Flood no-Albert W. Tucker. Futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, uNash weza nokhiye wokuchaza ngempela ukuthi isu elifanele lethiyori yomdlalo kufanele libukeke kanjani.
Izihluthulelo ezimbili zethiyori yomdlalo
Njengoba ubonile, sicabange ukuthi iyini ithiyori yomdlalo. Kodwa ukuze uyiqonde 100% kuyadingeka ukwazi ngokujulile izici ezimbili ezibalulekile:
- Inkinga yesiboshwa.
- Ukulinganisa kwe-Nash.
Ngaphandle kwalaba okhiye ababili, kuneminye imidlalo eminingi engasetshenziswa ukuhlaziya. Abanye baziwa emhlabeni wonke, njenge-basketball, i-ludo noma i-chess.
Amanye angaziwa njengemidlalo ye-symmetric noma i-asymmetric, ezinikeza imivuzo nezijeziso; imidlalo ye-zero sum noma engekho zero; imidlalo yokubambisana noma cha, ulwazi oluphelele noma olungaphelele...
Sigxila kulezo ezimbili eziyinhloko.
inkinga yesiboshwa
Njengoba sesishilo ngaphambili, wumdlalo ohlaziya amathuba okulinganisa noma ukungamtholi umuntu olingana naye uma kunezisusa zokwenza lokho.
Isibonelo, Ake sithi uneziboshwa ezimbili, uJuan no-Antonio. Amaphoyisa abeka imibono eminingi etafuleni:
Uma u-Juan ethi bobabili bamsulwa, kodwa u-Antonio ekhaphela uJuan, uzohlala iminyaka emihlanu ejele futhi u-Antonio uzokhululeka.
Uma u-Antonio ethi bobabili bamsulwa, kodwa uJuan ekhaphela u-Antonio, u-Antonio uzochitha iminyaka emihlanu ejele futhi uJuan uzokhululeka.
Uma laba bobabili bethi abanacala, bazodonsa unyaka ejele.
Futhi uma bobabili bethi banecala, kuzodlula iminyaka emibili.
Lapho kuhlaziywa icala, isinqumo esingcono kakhulu, kubo bobabili, kungaba ukuvuma icala, nokugcina imfihlo. Kodwa eqinisweni kunenzuzo enkulu, ukukhululwa ejele ngokulahla omunye umuntu.
Ukulinganisa kwe-Nash
Ngaso leso sikhathi lapho kwavela khona inkinga yesiboshwa, uNash weza nokhiye wokuqonda ithiyori yomdlalo. Ngakho, ukulingana kweNash kwavela, okwabeka uchungechunge lwabantu esimweni. Kufanele balinganisele abanye ukuze banqume ukuthi bazolishintsha yini leli qhinga noma cha. Ngoba uma benza kodwa abanye bangashintshi, ngeke bazuze lutho.
Isetshenziswa kanjani ithiyori yomdlalo kwezomnotho
Ithiyori yomdlalo ingase ingabonakali ibalulekile kuwena njengamanje kwezomnotho. Kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi kunjalo. Futhi kungenxa yokuthi kungenye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izinqubo zokuthatha izinqumo zabantu, izinkampani, ohulumeni...
Ngakho-ke, kwezomnotho ukwazi le theory kungakusiza uhlaziye izimo ezahlukahlukene ezifana nalezi:
- Ukuxoxisana ngezinkontileka. Hhayi kuphela phakathi kwabasebenzi, kodwa nezinye izinkampani, nohulumeni, njll.
- Ukwakheka kwentengo. Okungukuthi, ukuhlaziya isimo senkampani kanye nemvelo ukuze ekugcineni unqume ukuthi iyiphi intengo okufanele uyikhokhise ngemikhiqizo noma amasevisi athengiswayo.
- Ukuncintisana phakathi kwezinkampani. Uma umkhakha osebenza kuwo uyimakethe eqhudelanayo, i-oligopolistic noma eqhudelana ngokungaphelele, lo mbono ungasiza ukuhlaziya lezi ezinye izinkampani.
- Ukwethulwa komkhiqizo omusha. Ngoba ungakwazi ukwazi okwengeziwe ngezinga lokukhiqiza noma ulindele ngisho nezinqumo zesikhathi esizayo.
Wake wezwa ngethiyori yegeyimu? Uke wakwenza?