I-monopoly kwenzeka lapho umuntu oyedwa noma inkampani inokulawula okuningi noma konke phezu kwesevisi noma umkhiqizo. Azivunyelwe kulo lonke elase-European Union, ngakho-ke kufanele siqale ngokuthi awekho ama-monopolies eSpain. Kodwa kunjalo? Iqiniso liwukuthi cha.
Okulandelayo sizokucacisa ayini ama-monopolies, anomuphi umlando futhi sizokunikeza izibonelo ezithile ukuze konke kucace kini. Kwenze?
Yiziphi ama-monopolies eSpain
Uma sibheka ku-RAE incazelo ye-monopoly isitshela okulandelayo:
Imvume enikezwe isikhulu esinekhono enkampanini ukuze ikwazi ukusizakala ngemboni ethile noma ezohwebo. Isimo semakethe lapho ukunikezwa komkhiqizo kuncipha kube umdayisi oyedwa.
Ngamanye amazwi, Ama-monopolies e-Spain angacatshangwa njengezimo lapho inkampani noma umuntu akhethekile emakethe yomkhiqizo noma isevisi.
Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga ngomkhakha ofana nezinti zokudoba. Kunezinkampani ezithile kodwa leyo edayisa ngempela, esebenza, njll. Inye kuphela, okuyiyona eno-90% wemakethe. Lokho singakubiza ngokuthi yi-monopoly.
Leli gama lakhiwe ngamagama amabili esiGreki, elithi mono, elisho elilodwa noma kuphela, kanye novendle, okusho ukuthengisa. Ngakho-ke, umuntu olawula yonke imakethe kuphela (noma indawo yemakethe) uzochazwa.
I-monopolies eSpain isho ukuthini?
Ukuqhubeka nalokho esikutshele khona ngaphambilini, umuntu olawula imakethe, noma isizinda sayo, kusho ukuthi yena (noma inkampani) angasungula izimo ezihlukumezayo. Ungalungisa amanani, wenze izimbangi zingabi nalo ithuba lokuzenza baziwe, njll.
Ngakho inikezwa pisikhundla ngenzuzo ecacile, njengoba kuyiyona elawula leyo makethe, iyona enqumayo ukuthi izodayiselwa malini, kubani, kwenziwa kanjani, futhi kufihlwe labo abangasibekela.
Futhi ubuyoba nini leso sikhundla? Kuthiwa lapho inkampani iphakathi kuka-50 no-70% wesamba semakethe, noma iyona kuphela ehlinzeka ngomkhiqizo noma isevisi ethile, ngaphandle kokuba kube khona okuthathela indawo, singaba ngabazimele ngaphambili.
Izinhlobo zama-monopolies eSpain
Manje, akukho monopoly eyodwa kuphela, kodwa kunezinhlobo eziningana zama-monopolies eSpain. Ikakhulukazi kukhona ezine ezahlukene okuyizi:
i-monopoly ehlanzekile
Yilona esenzeka lapho inkampani ino-100% yenani eliphelele lesabelo semakethe yemakethe. Okusho ukuthi, ayinakho ukuncintisana futhi "ingathengwa" kuyo kuphela.
Lokhu akusajwayelekile kakhulu ukukubona.
i-monopoly yemvelo
Kwenzeka uma kuyinkampani ukuthi ithola isidingo sesabelo semakethe esingaphezu kuka-50%.
Lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yokuthi le nkampani yenza izinto kangcono, ngoba inikeza izinzuzo eziningi noma kukhona into eyenzayo ngokuphumelelayo kunezinye izinkampani emncintiswaneni wayo.
Amamonopoli asemthethweni noma okwenziwa
Yibo abavuka ngoba ukwakhiwa kwezinkampani ezintsha emakethe kuvinjelwe. Ukwenza kanjani lokho? Ngokusebenzisa ama-franchise omphakathi, amalayisense kahulumeni, amalungelo obunikazi...
intela yedwa
Kwenzeka uma kuwuMbuso onquma ukuthi inkampani iyona emakethe noma ekhiqiza umkhiqizo noma isevisi. Yebo, inhloso enkulu yalokhu akukhona okunye ngaphandle kokuqoqa izintela.
Umlando wama-monopolies eSpain
Umlando wama-monopolies eSpain awumusha. Empeleni zazikhona ngesikhathi uMbuso ungenelela emikhakheni ethile yezomnotho (esingasho ukuthi yi-fiscal monopolies). Izibonelo zakhona ukuxhumana, amandla, amanzi, igesi, ezokuthutha...
Ngenkathi i injongo eyinhloko kwakuwukuqoqa izintela, akungabazeki ukuthi inkampani yanikezwa amandla aphelele. Iklayenti alikwazanga ukwenza lutho ngaphandle kokuyeka lokho elikunikezwayo noma lingabi nakho okungaba usizo olubalulekile.
Ngokufika kokusebenza okusha kweKhomishini Kazwelonke Yezimakethe Nokuncintisana, ebizwa nge-CNMC, ngonyaka ka-2013, ama-monopolies aqala ukunyamalala, njengoba iSivumelwano Sokusebenza kwe-European Union, esihlokweni saso 102, sabavimbela (kanye kwenzeka eMthethweni Wokuvikela Ukuncintisana).
Okwamanje, labo abasele bangabanye babaphathi bakudala boMbuso kodwa inhloso ukuthi lezi zinyamalale ngesikhathi esifushane.
Izibonelo zama-monopolies e-Spain
Uma ukhumbula esikubeka ekuqaleni, ama-monopoly avunyelwe e-European Union, naseSpain ayikhishiwe kulokhu kuvinjelwa.
Nokho, zikhona, futhi ngemva kokubona izinhlobo ezikhona, ungathola umbono wokuthi ziyini.
Lapha sikhuluma ngezimbalwa zazo:
Qamba
I-Renfe yaziwa njengenkampani yokuthutha izitimela. Futhi kuze kube yiminyaka embalwa edlule besingasho ukuthi bekuyi-monopoly njengoba bekunguye obelawula ukusetshenziswa kwengqalasizinda ebidingeka ukuthi ijikelezwe.
NgoMeyi 2021, i-SNCF yangena emakethe, u-opharetha waseFrance onikeza, nengqalasizinda entsha, isevisi efanayo ne-Renfe, abazokwabelana ngayo nemakethe. Ingabe lokho kusho ukuthi umuntu ngamunye uzoba no-50%? Lokho kuzoncika ekutheni kwenzekani.
I-Ena
Esinye isibonelo esingakutshela mayelana nama-monopolies e-Spain i-Aena, inkampani leyo ibeka izimali zesikhumulo sezindiza ezinhlanganweni zezindiza lapho zisebenzisa izinsiza ezithile.
Njengamanje iyona kuphela esebenza ekuphathweni kwezikhumulo zezindiza zase-Spain futhi ino-51% wesamba semakethe, ngaphandle kwanoma ubani omunye.
Apple
Kungani ungazange ucabange ngakho ngale ndlela? Futhi okwamanje Iqiniso lokuthi ama-iPhones nama-Mac angathengwa kuphela kwa-Apple libonisa ukuthi sibhekene ne-monopoly yomkhiqizo.
Vele, njenge-Apple singasho ezinye izinhlobo zemikhiqizo. Kodwa kulokhu, i-Apple ayinayo kuphela imikhiqizo ekhethekile, kodwa futhi inezinhlelo zayo, izici ezikhethekile, njll. ukuthi akukho okunye okunikezwayo.
Njengoba ubona, amamonopoli aseSpain ayingxenye yomlando wezwe kodwa kubukeka sengathi ayashabalala kancane kancane. Ingabe kuyacaca kuwena? Sibuze kumazwana uma unemibuzo.