Umkhakha wezokwakha eSpain ungenye yezinamandla kakhulu emnothweni waseSpain. Kuze kube seqophelweni lokuxhunyaniswa ngokusondelana nokukhuphuka okungatholwa yiGross Domestic Product (GDP) nokuthi ngenkathi itholakala emazingeni asondele ku-3% kungaba yithuba lokuthatha izikhundla kumanani avela kule ngxenye yebhizinisi ebalulekile. . Ngenzuzo eyengeziwe yokuthi izimali zaseSpain zinokunikezwa okuhlukahlukene kakhulu. Nezinkampani ezivela emigqeni yebhizinisi ezihlukile njenge I-Acciona noma i-ACS, ukubala izibonelo ezimbalwa.
Uma ukukhula komnotho waseSpain kuyiqiniso kulo nyaka esesiqalile, kuzobe sekuyisikhathi sokuthi ucabange ngokuvula izikhundla kwezinye zeziphakamiso zemakethe yamasheya ezikhona izimakethe zezezimali. Phakathi kwezinye izizathu ngoba bazoba ne- amandla okwazisa aphezulu kunakwamanye imikhakha yezimali. Ngamathuba ebhizinisi angathakazelisa kakhulu ukuze ukwazi ukwenza imali oyongelayo izuze ngeziqinisekiso ezinkulu zempumelelo. Lokhu kungenye yeminikelo izinkampani zokwakha ezingayenza ngonyaka we-2018.
Lawa magugu nawo abonakala ngoba ajikeleza kakhulu ngoba ancike kumjikelezo wezomnotho lapho egxiliswe khona. Ngenxa yalokho, ziguquguquka ngokwengeziwe kunamanani asele. Ngoba zikhuphuka ngamandla amakhulu ezikhathini zokunweba, kepha kunalokho, ukwehla kwazo kuba kubi ngokwengeziwe ezinqubweni zokwehla kwamandla omnotho. Okungenani ucezu lolwazi onalo ngokuqiniseka okubanzi ngaphambi kokuthi wenze noma yiluphi uhlobo lokusebenza ngamanani okuthiwa okwakhiwa kweSpain.
Ukwakhiwa: ukunyuka komsebenzi
Imininingwane yalo mkhakha ikhombisa amandla amakhulu awakhombisa kulo nyaka. Lapho, i- Izinhloko-dolobha nemizi emikhulu kuholele ekukhuleni kwamanani ezindlu eSpain ngo-2017, ngokukhuphuka kwangaphakathi kuka-7,5% ngenyanga kaDisemba, uma kuqhathaniswa no-4,5% wesilinganiso sikazwelonke, ngokusho kwezibalo zanyanga zonke ze-IMIE General and Large Markets, ezilungiselelwe inani lempahla kanye nenkampani yezeluleko i-Tinsa.
Ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwalokhu, kuyacaca ukuthi inani elijwayelekile lendlu lihlala ngoNovemba 2013 amazinga, ngokuncipha okuqoqekile kwama-38,6% kusukela kusethenjwa sango-2007. . Yize kuzoqhubeka ukwehluka okubalulekile phakathi kwezindawo, ukululama kuzodlulela enanini elikhulu lezindawo.
Ukuthengiselana okuningi kwezezakhiwo
El Imizwa emihle yemakethe, ekhuthazwa yizibikezelo ezinhle zokukhula komnotho kanye nokusimamiswa kwemakethe yezabasebenzi, izothuthukisa phakathi kuka-10% no-15% ekuthengisweni kwemizi, okuzodlula ukuthengiselana okungu-550.000. Ngokulinganiselwa kokucishe kube ngu-20% ukwanda okulindelekile kwenani lama-visa amasha wokwakha ngo-2018. Kulesi simo esivamile, kungaba yisikhathi esihle sokungena kule makethe usuka ezikhundleni zokulingana. Ngokusebenza okunesikhathi saphakade esiya esikhathini esifushane nesiphakathi.
Enye imininingwane esekela lesi sinqumo yileso esivezwe kwi-Institute of Economic Study (IEE). Ngokwezinga elibona ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali ekwakhiweni eSpain kuzobhalisa ukukhuphuka kwama-4,6% ngo-2018. Uma lokhu kulindelwa kokukhula kugcinwa, akukho kungabaza - kuthinta kule nhlangano yangasese - ukuthi ngeke kube khona ukungabaza ukuthi kusukela manje ngezinga lokukhula kwayo lizoshesha uma kuqhathaniswa nakulo nyaka ngenxa ye- ukukhuthazwa komsebenzi wokuhlala. Ukuze ngale ndlela ikwazi ukuzibonakalisa ezimakethe zamasheya ezimele lo mkhakha okuyisici somnotho waseSpain.
Amandla emkhakheni wezokwakha
Imakethe eqhubekayo yaseSpain inomfanekiso obanzi walesi sigaba sezokuphepha. Ngezinkampani ezifana ne-ACS, Ferrovial, Acciona, FCC noma Inmobiliaria Colonial, phakathi kwezinye ezihambisana kakhulu. Akumangalisi ukuthi abanye babahlaziyi ababaluleke kakhulu ezimakethe zezimali bakholelwa ukuthi basathengisa ngesaphulelo esithile kumanani abo. Ngethuba lokuhlaziywa kabusha, kwezinye izimo, ngaphezulu kwe-10%. Ngama-margins kunoma yimaphi amacala angenhla ethulwa eminye yemikhakha ebaluleke kakhulu yezimali zaseSpain. Lapho ungenza khona ukonga ngenzuzo ngesiqinisekiso esikhulu sempumelelo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, awukwazi ukukhohlwa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ukuthi le mboni ebaluleke kakhulu emnothweni waseSpain ikhombisa amandla amakhulu ngalo mzuzu oqondile. Lapho ukubuyela esitinini kuyinto engokoqobo ekhona emphakathini waseSpain. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zingamanani abonakala ngoba asabalalisa izinzuzo phakathi kwabaninimasheya. Ngokubuyiselwa kokonga okungafinyelela amazinga asondele kakhulu ku-5%. Ngokukhokha ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene futhi lokho kuzoya ngokuzenzakalela ku-akhawunti yakho yokuhlola.
Khulisa emsebenzini wempahla ebolekiswayo
Futhi ungakhohlwa ukuthi ukubuyiswa kwemali emsebenzini wezezakhiwo kuqhamuka ekukhululeni okukhulu ekunikezeni imali mboleko yempahla. Lapho, ngokwedatha yakamuva enikezwe yiNational Institute of Statistics (INE), inani elijwayelekile lemali mboleko ebhaliswe ku- amarekhodi empahla (kusukela kuzenzo zomphakathi ezenziwa phambilini) kungama-euro angama-146.379, ama-23,5% aphezulu kunenyanga efanayo ngo-2016.
Ngenkathi ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi kubhekiswa kulo msebenzi ophawuleka kakhulu, inani lemali mboleko eyenziwe emakhaya ingama-24.706, 8,2% ngaphezulu kunango-2016. Inani elilinganisiwe ngama-euro ayizi-120.628, ngokunyuka konyaka okungu-9,2%. Lo mbiko osemthethweni ukhombisa nokuthi kwizibambiso ezibanjiswe enanini lesakhiwo, i isilinganiso senzalo emaphakathi ekuqaleni kungu-2,66% (13,1% ngaphansana kuka-Okthoba 2016) kanye nesikhathi esimaphakathi seminyaka engama-23.
Ama-65,6% wemali mboleko isezingeni lenzalo eguquguqukayo kanye nama-34,4% ngesilinganiso esimisiwe. Izinga lenzalo emaphakathi ekuqaleni lingu-2,41% wemali mboleko yamanani eguquguqukayo (19,5% ephansi kunango-Okthoba 2016) kanye no-3,36% wemali mboleko yamanani amisiwe (2,7% ngaphezulu ngaphezulu).
Izimali ezibolekwa ngokushintshwa kwerejista
Inani eliphelele lemali mboleko enezinguquko ezimweni zayo ezibhaliswe kumarejista ezindlu ingu-7.228, 14,7% ngaphansi kunangenyanga efanayo ngonyaka odlule. Kwezindlu, inani lemali mboleko lokho shintsha izimo zabo kwehla ngo-18,5%. Ngokubheka uhlobo lwezinguquko ezimweni, ngo-Okthoba kube nezinguquko ezingama-5.485 (noma ukulungiswa okwenziwe ngesikhungo esifanayo sezezimali), ngokuncipha konyaka kwe-18,7%. Inani lemisebenzi elishintsha ibhizinisi (ama-subrogations kumuntu obolekayo) lenyuke ngo-2,8% kanti nenani lempahla ebanjisiwe lapho umnikazi wempahla ebolekiswe ngemali eshintshiwe (ama-subrogations kulowo okweletayo) lehle ngo-6,1%.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, emalini ebolekwayo engu-7.228 37,6 enezinguquko ezimweni zabo, ama-17,7% kungenxa yezinguquko kumazinga wenzalo. Ngemuva koshintsho ezimeni, iphesenti lemali mboleko yamanani amisiwe lenyuke lisuka ku-21,2% laya ku-XNUMX%, kanti lelo le- Imalimboleko yenzalo eguquguqukayo yehle isuka ku-81,7% yaya ku-78,0%. Konke okwenza kube lula kubasebenzisi ukuthenga ikhaya lamaphupho abo. Kufike ezingeni lokuvuselela umkhakha emazingeni eminyaka embalwa. Le yi-X-ray eveza imakethe yezindlu ezethengiswayo eSpain ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezizayo. Ukubhekana nakho nethemba uma uzothatha izikhundla kunoma yimaphi amanani emkhakheni wezezakhiwo.
Imiphumela Yomphakathi Ozibusayo.
Imiphakathi Ezimele enenani eliphakeme kakhulu lemali mboleko eyenziwe ezindaweni zokuhlala ngo-Okthoba kwakunguComunidad de Madrid (5.168), Andalucía (4.847) kanye neCataluña (3.998). Imiphakathi enamanani okuhlukahluka aphakeme kakhulu ngonyaka yiLa Rioja (87,0%),
Umphakathi waseMadrid (31,2%) kanye neGalicia (22,1%). Imiphakathi lapho imali eningi inikezwa umthethosisekelo wokubolekwa kwemali emakhaya yiComunidad de Madrid (859,5 million euros), Catalonia (575,5 million) futhi ekugcineni i-Andalusia (492,2 million).
I-Euribor engezansi kokuncane
Enye yezinzuzo onazo njengamanje ukuthi uphawu lokulinganisa lwaseYurophu lwemali mboleko yempahla likwelinye lamazinga aphansi kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva. Ngokuqondile ku -0,180%. Okuthile okusiza ukuthi uthole imali yokuthenga ifulethi. Akumangalisi ukuthi ukunikezwa kwemali mboleko yamanje kwethulwe ngokusabalala nangaphansi kwe-1%. Futhi kokunye ukukhushulwa kuthengiswa namanye amasu wokuhweba, njengokukhululwa kwamakhomishini nezinye izindleko ekuphathweni noma ekugcineni kwawo. Kunoma ikuphi, ngenani lenzalo lokuncintisana kakhulu kunakuqala.
Ngale ndlela, yisikhathi esifanelekile sokuthenga indawo. Futhi lokhu kuyisici sokuthi ekugcineni sithinte ukuvela kwamanani omkhakha wezokwakha emakethe yamasheya nokuthi okwamanje awafakiwe kunani lawo lamanje. Ukuba ngesinye sezizathu zokuvula izikhundla ngamanani entengo amanje lapho amasheya abo abhalwe khona. Ngaphandle kwezinye izindlela zohlobo lobuchwepheshe noma oluyisisekelo. Ngakho-ke, kuyithuba lokuthenga uma ukukhula komnotho kuqhubeka eSpain kulo nyaka okhona. Ngezinketho eziningi kunezinye imikhakha yemakethe yamasheya.