Amasheya adayiswa ngokuhwebelana ngamasheya (ama-exchange) akhethiwe njengeNational Stock Exchange (NSE) neBombay Stock Exchange (BSE) uma kungokwenkampani edayiswa esidlangalaleni. Amasheya angaba nezinkampani ezingekho ohlwini futhi angathengiswa ngasese ngokuthengiselana okungekho emakethe.
Ukusebenza okuphelele kwenkampani, kanye nokusebenza kwayo okuqhathaniswayo uma kuqhathaniswa nontanga bayo, kunomthelela entengo yayo yamasheya, kungaba ngokuhle noma kabi. Ngenkathi umtshali-zimali ukwazi ukuthenga ngentengo ephansi futhi uthengise ngentengo ephezulu, amasheya angakhiqiza inzuzo, uma kwenzeka okuphambene nalokho, ukulahleka kutholakala.
Yize imbuyiselo engaba khona iphezulu ekutshalweni kwezimali zamanani uma kuqhathaniswa neminye imikhiqizo yokutshalwa kwemali, izingozi zivame ukuba phezulu kakhulu. Izitoko zezinkampani ezinempahla enenani eliphakeme zibizwa ngokuthi izinkampani ezinkulu. Izinkampani ezincane ezinenani eliphansi lokwenza imali zibekwa njengezinkampani ezincane neziphakathi nendawo.
Amasheya okuhweba emakethe yamasheya
Ukutshala imali esitokisini kungenye indlela enhle yokwandisa ingcebo. Kubatshalizimali besikhathi eside, amasheya angukutshalwa kwemali okuhle nangesikhathi sokungazinzi kwemakethe - ukuphahlazeka kwemakethe yamasheya njengalokhu esikubonile kuze kube manje kulo nyaka kumane kusho ukuthi amasheya amaningi ayathengiswa.
Kepha uqala kanjani ngempela? Thatha lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo ukuze ufunde ukuthi ungatshala kanjani imali emakethe yamasheya.
Nquma ukuthi ufuna ukutshala kanjani esitokisini
Kunezindlela eziningana zokubhekana nokutshala imali kumasheya. Khetha inketho engezansi emele kahle indlela ofuna ukutshala ngayo imali, nokuthi ungathanda ukuba nesigxobo esingakanani ekukhetheni amasheya otshala kuwo imali.
"Mina ngiluhlobo oluzenzela wena futhi nginentshisekelo yokuzikhethela amasheya nezimali zamasheya." Qhubeka ufunde; Lo mbhalo udiliza izinto abatshali bezimali abasebenzayo okudingeka bazi. Noma, uma usuwazi kakade umdlalo wokuthenga amasheya futhi udinga umthengisi oyedwa, hlola ukuqoqwa kwethu ngabathengisi abaphambili be-inthanethi.
"Ngiyazi ukuthi amasheya angaba wutshalomali olukhulu, kodwa ngingathanda ukuthi kube khona ozongiphathela le nqubo." Ungaba yilungu elihle lokuthola umeluleki we-robo, insizakalo enikeza ukuphathwa kokutshalwa kwezindleko eziphansi. Cishe wonke amafemu amakhulu okuhweba anikela ngalezi zinsizakalo, akutshala imali yakho ngokuya ngezinjongo zakho ezithile. Bona izinketho zethu eziyinhloko ze-robo-adviser.
Lapho usunokukhetha engqondweni, usukulungele ukuthenga i-akhawunti.
Vula i-akhawunti yokutshala imali
Ngokuvamile, ukutshala imali kumasheya, udinga i-akhawunti yokutshala imali. Ngezinhlobo ezingokoqobo, lokhu kuvame ukusho i-akhawunti yomthengisi. Kulabo abafuna usizo oluncane, ukuvula i-akhawunti ngomeluleki we-robo kuyindlela enengqondo. Siphula izinqubo zombili ezingezansi.
Iphuzu elibalulekile: Bobabili abathengisi nabeluleki be-robo bakuvumela ukuthi uvule i-akhawunti ngemali encane kakhulu - ngezansi sibala abahlinzeki abaningana abane-akhawunti ephansi noma engenayo.
Vula i-akhawunti
I-akhawunti ye-brokerage eku-inthanethi mhlawumbe inikela ngendlela esheshayo futhi ebiza kakhulu yokuthenga amasheya, izimali, nolunye utshalomali oluhlukahlukene. Ngomthengisi, ungavula i-akhawunti yomuntu ngamunye yokuthatha umhlalaphansi, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-IRA - nazi izinketho zethu eziphezulu ze-akhawunti ye-IRA - noma ungavula i-akhawunti yentela yomthengisi uma usulondoloze ngokwanele umhlalaphansi kwenye indawo.
Sinomhlahlandlela wokuvula i-akhawunti yomthengisi uma udinga ukungena ngokujulile. Uzofuna ukuhlola abadayisi ngokuya ngezinto ezifana nezindleko (imali yokuhweba, imali ye-akhawunti), ukukhethwa kokutshalwa kwezimali (funa ukukhetha okuhle kwama-ETF angenakhomishini uma uthanda izimali), nocwaningo lwabatshali zimali namathuluzi.
Umeluleki we-robo unikeza izinzuzo zokutshala imali kumasheya, kepha akadingi ukuthi umnikazi wawo enze umsebenzi odingekayo wensimu ukukhetha ukutshalwa kwezimali ngakunye. Izinsizakalo zabeluleki be-Robo zinikela ngokuphathwa okuphelele kokutshalwa kwezimali: Lezi zinkampani zizokubuza ngezinjongo zakho zokutshala imali ngesikhathi senqubo yokugibela bese zakha iphothifoliyo eyenzelwe ukufeza lezo zinhloso.
Lokhu kungazwakala kubiza, kepha izimali zokuphatha lapha ngokuvamile ziyingxenyana yezindleko zalokho umphathi wezokutshalwa kwezimali womuntu angakukhokhisa: Iningi labeluleki be-robo likhokhisa cishe u-0,25% webhalansi ye-akhawunti yakho. Futhi yebo - ungathola futhi i-IRA kusuka kumeluleki we-robo uma ufuna.
Ezinye izinketho zokutshala imali
Yazi umehluko phakathi kwamasheya nezimali zokubambisana zesitoko. Iya kumzila we-DIY? Ungakhathazeki. Ukutshala imali kumasheya akudingeki kube nzima. Kubantu abaningi, ukutshala imali emakethe yamasheya kusho ukukhetha phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili zokutshala imali:
- Izimali ezihlanganyelwayo zesitoko noma izimali ezithengiswa ngokushintshaniswa. Lezi zimali ezihlanganyelanayo zikuvumela ukuthi uthenge izingcezu ezincane zamasheya amaningi ahlukene kokuthengiselana okukodwa. Izimali zenkomba nama-ETFs ziluhlobo lwesikhwama esihlanganyelweyo esilandela inkomba; Isibonelo, isikhwama se-Standard & Poor sika-500 siyiphinda leyo nkomba ngokuthenga amasheya ezinkampani zezinto zayo. Uma utshala imali esikhwameni, unezingxenye ezincane zalezo zinkampani. Ungahlanganisa izimali eziningi ukudala iphothifoliyo ehlukahlukene. Qaphela ukuthi isikhwama semali esivumelana ngamasheya kwesinye isikhathi sibizwa nangokuthi yimali yezimali ezilinganayo.
- Izenzo zomuntu ngamunye. Uma ufuna inkampani ethile, ungathenga isabelo esisodwa noma amasheya ambalwa njengendlela yokucwilisa uzwane lwakho emanzini okuhweba ngamasheya. Kungenzeka ukwakha iphothifoliyo ehlukahlukene kusuka kumasheya amaningi ngamanye, kepha kuthatha utshalomali olubalulekile.
Inzuzo yezikhwama zokubambisana zamasheya ukuthi zihlukahlukene ngokwemvelo, okunciphisa ingozi. Kwabaningi babatshalizimali - ikakhulukazi labo abatshala imali abayongele umhlalaphansi - iphothifoliyo eyenziwe ikakhulu ngezimali ezihlangene iyona ndlela ecacile.
Kepha izimali ezihlanganyelanayo akunakwenzeka ukuthi zihlangane njengoba kungenzeka amasheya ngamanye. Ukufakwa kwesiliva kwamasheya ngamanye ukuthi ukukhetha okuhlakaniphile kungakhokha, kepha amathuba okuthi isitoko ngasinye sizokwenza ucebe mancane.
Setha isabelomali
Abatshalizimali abasha bavame ukuba nemibuzo emibili kulesi sinyathelo senqubo:
- Ngidinga malini ukuqala ukutshala imali kumasheya? Inani lemali olidingayo ukuthenga isabelo ngasinye sincike ekutheni amasheya abiza kangakanani. (Izintengo zamasheya zingahluka zisuka kumadola ambalwa ziye ezinkulungwaneni ezimbalwa zamaRandi.) Uma ufuna izimali ezihlanganyelanayo futhi unebhajethi encane, isikhwama esidayiselwa ukushintshaniswa (i-ETF) kungaba yindlela yakho engcono kakhulu. Izimali ezihlanganyelanayo zivame ukwehla ngama- $ 1.000 noma ngaphezulu, kepha ama-ETF ahwebelana njengesabelo, okusho ukuthi uwathenga ngentengo yesabelo esisodwa - kwezinye izimo, ngaphansi kuka- $ 100.)
- Ngabe kufanele ngitshale imali engakanani kumasheya? Uma utshala imali ngezimali - ngabe sishilo ukuthi lokhu kuyintandokazi yethu? - ungabeka ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yephothifoliyo yakho ebheke ezikhwameni zezimali, ikakhulukazi uma unesikhathi eside. Ukutshala imali oneminyaka engu-30 yokuthatha umhlalaphansi kungaba ne-80% yephothifoliyo yakhe esikhwameni sesitoko; okusele kuzoba kwizimali zesibopho.
Qala ukutshala imali
Ukutshala imali kumasheya kugcwele amasu nezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi, kepha abanye babatshali zimali abaphumelele kakhulu benze okuthe xaxa kunamathela ezisekelweni. Lokhu ngokuvamile kusho ukusebenzisa izimali zeningi lephothifoliyo yakho - UWarren Buffett ushilo ngokudabukisayo ukuthi isikhwama esinezindleko eziphansi se-S & P 500 ngukutshalwa kwezimali okungcono kakhulu okungenziwa iningi labantu baseMelika - nokukhetha amasheya ngamanye kuphela uma ukholelwa ekukhuleni kwesikhathi eside amandla enkampani.
Uma amasheya ngamanye ekhanga kuwe, ukufunda ukucwaninga amasheya kuyakhokha. Uma uhlela ukugcina izimali ngokuyinhloko, inhloso yakho kufanele kube ukwakha iphothifoliyo elula yezindleko eziphansi, izinketho ezibanzi.
Zonke izeluleko ezingenhla zokutshala imali kumasheya zenzelwe abatshalizimali abasha. Kepha uma bekufanele sikhethe into eyodwa esizoyisho kubo bonke abatshalizimali bokuqala, kungaba yilokhu: Ukutshala imali akunzima kangako - noma kuyinkimbinkimbi - njengoba kuzwakala.
Enye indlela, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ngumeluleki we-robo, ozokwakhela futhi akuphathise iphothifoliyo ngemali encane. Ngezansi: Kunezindlela eziningi zokutshala imali Wabasaqalayo, akukho lwazi oluthuthukile oludingekayo.
Faka imali uma ngingenayo imali eningi
Kunezinselelo ezimbili zokutshala imali encane. Izindaba ezimnandi? Kokubili kulula ukunqoba. Inselelo yokuqala ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali okuningi kudinga ubuncane. Okwesibili ukuthi kunzima ukwehlukanisa imali encane. Ukwehlukaniswa, ngokwemvelo, kubandakanya ukufaka imali. Imali encane onayo, kuba nzima ukuyaba.
Isixazululo sakho kokubili ukutshala izimali zezinkomba zokulingana nama-ETF. Ngenkathi izimali ezihlanganyelweyo zingadinga ubuncane bama- $ 1,000 noma ngaphezulu, ubuncane besikhwama sezinkomba buvame ukuba phansi (futhi ama-ETF athengwa ngentengo yokwabelana engaba ngaphansi nangaphansi). Abashintshi ababili, uFidelity noCharles Schwab, banikela ngemali yezinkomba ngaphandle kokuncipha.
Izimali ze-Index nazo zixazulula inkinga yokuhlukahluka ngoba ziphethe amasheya amaningi ahlukene ngaphakathi kwesikhwama esisodwa. Into yokugcina esizoyisho ngalokhu: Ukutshala imali ngumdlalo wesikhathi eside, ngakho-ke akufanele utshale imali ongayidinga esikhathini esifushane. Lokho kufaka phakathi isiguqo semali yezimo eziphuthumayo.
Ukutshalwa kwezimali okuhle kwabaqalayo
Yebo. Eqinisweni, wonke umuntu - abaqalayo abafakiwe - kufanele batshale imali kumasheya, inqobo nje uma bezizwa bekhululekile ngokushiya imali yabo etshalwe okungenani iminyaka emihlanu. Kungani iminyaka emihlanu? Ngoba akuvamile ukuthi imakethe yamasheya ithole ukwehla okuhlala isikhathi eside kunalokho.
Kepha esikhundleni sokuhweba ngamasheya ngamanye, gxila kuzikhwama zokubambisana zesitoko. Ngezimali ezihlanganyelweyo, ungathenga ukukhethwa okukhulu kwamasheya ngaphakathi kwesikhwama.
Kungenzeka yini ukudala iphothifoliyo ehlukahlukene kusuka esitokisini ngasinye? Impela. Kodwa ukwenza lokho kungathatha isikhathi eside - kuthatha ucwaningo oluningi nolwazi ukuphatha iphothifoliyo. Izimali zokubambisana zamasheya, kufaka phakathi imali yenkomba kanye ne-ETFs, ikwenzela lowo msebenzi.
Iziphi izitoko okufanele ngitshale kuzo?
Isincomo sethu ukuthi utshale amasheya amaningi ngesikhwama semali esisebenzisana ndawonye, i-index fund, noma i-ETF - ngokwesibonelo, isikhwama senkomba se-S & P 500 esinazo zonke izitoko ze-S & P 500. Kodwa-ke, uma ufuna injabulo ukukhetha amasheya, lokho cishe ngeke kusebenze. Ungaklwebha lokho kuluma bese ugcina ihembe lakho linikezelwe ngokunikela ngo-10% noma ngaphansi kwephothifoliyo yakho kumasheya ngamanye. Yikuphi? Uhlu lwethu oluphelele lwezitoko ezihamba phambili, ngokususelwa ekusebenzeni kwamanje, lunemibono ethile.
Ngenkathi amasheya alungele abatshalizimali bokuqala, ingxenye "yokuhweba" yalesi siphakamiso mhlawumbe ayisiyo. Mhlawumbe sesivele siliqondile leli phuzu, kepha ukuphinda sithi: Sincoma kakhulu isu lokuthenga nokubamba kusetshenziswa izimali zesitoko.
Lokho impela kuphambene nokuhweba ngamasheya, okubandakanya ukuzinikezela kanye nocwaningo olukhulu. Abathengisi bamasheya bazama ukubeka isikhathi emakethe ngamathuba okuthenga okuphansi futhi bathengise okuphezulu. Ukucaca nje: Inhloso yanoma yimuphi umtshalizimali ukuthenga okuphansi futhi athengise okuphezulu. Kepha umlando usitshela ukuthi kungenzeka wenze njalo uma unamathela kutshalo-mali olwehlukene - njengesikhwama esihlanganyelwe - isikhathi eside. Ukuxoxisana okusebenzayo akudingeki.
Imakethe yamasheya
Abanikazi bamasheya ajwayelekile bavame ukuba nelungelo lokusebenzisa amalungelo abo okuvota maqondana nebhodi labaqondisi lenkampani nezinye izinqumo ezibalulekile zenkampani. Bangathola noma bangatholi izinzuzo ezivamile. Ibhodi linquma okungenani njalo ngonyaka ukuthi liyayikhokha yini imali eyinzuzo nokuthi malini okufanele likhokhelwe ngokuya ngemali engenayo yenkampani yakamuva.
Izinzuzo eziqinisekisiwe
Abanikazi bamasheya abawathandayo ngokuvamile abanamalungelo okuvota. Kodwa-ke, amasheya akhethwayo anikezwa ngokukhokha okuqinisekisiwe ngezikhathi ezijwayelekile zezinzuzo ezinkulu kunalezo ezitholwa ngabaninimasheya abajwayelekile. Izitoko ezikhethwayo azijwayele ukukhuphuka noma zehle ngentengo ngokucijile njengezitoko ezivamile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Abatshalizimali bayabazisa ngezinzuzo zabo, hhayi amandla abo okukhula.
Lokho kwenza amasheya athandwayo abe yinto ye-hybrid phakathi kwesitoko nesibopho. Amasheya akhethwayo kwesinye isikhathi ayaguqulwa abe amasheya ajwayelekile ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.
Ukubamba iqhaza enhlokodolobha yabaninimasheya abathandwayo kubaluleke kakhulu kunalokho kwabaninimasheya abajwayelekile uma kwenzeka inkampani iqedwa.
Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezenhlalakahle hhayi kwezenhlalakahle
Izinsimbi zokubuyisa ezingaguquki, njengoba negama liphakamisa, zinikeza abatshalizimali isilinganiso semali esinqunyiwe (esinqunyiwe) sempilo yotshalo-mali. Njengoba izinsimbi zomkhiqizo ongaguquki zithathwa njengeziphephile, zivame ukuthandwa ngabatshalizimali abanesifiso esinengozi encane.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, esimweni sokutshalwa kwemali okuxhumene nemakethe, njengokutshalwa kwezimali zamasheya, imbuyiselo ayilungisiwe noma iqinisekiswe, kepha incike ekusebenzeni kwempahla engaphansi. Izinsimbi ezixhunyaniswe neMakethe zingahlukaniswa ngokwehlukana ngezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: utshalomali lwamasheya kanye notshalo-mali olungalingani. Endabeni yokutshalwa kwezimali kumasheya, inani litshalwa ngokuyisisekelo kumasheya nakwizisetshenziswa zamasheya ezinkampani ezifakwe kuhlu ezingafakwanga emakethe yamasheya.
Ingxenye ebalulekile yotshalo-mali engahlobene ne-capital stock ihanjiswa ngamabhondi (oMbuso noma wezinkampani), kanye nochungechunge lwezinsimbi zemakethe yemali, njengezikweletu zikaMgcinimafa, izitifiketi zediphozithi, amadokhumende ezentengiselwano, izivumelwano zokuthenga kabusha, njll.
Njengoba ukunyakaza kwezimakethe kudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kotshalo-mali lwamasheya nokutshalwa kwezimali okungekho emasheya, lokhu kutshalwa kwezimali kuveza isici esibalulekile sengozi. Izigaba ezilandelayo zizohlola izici ezahlukahlukene zokutshala imali kumasheya ngokuningiliziwe.
Izinhlobo zokutshalwa kwezimali kwamasheya
Njengoba kushiwo esigabeni esedlule, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamasheya kubandakanya ubhasikidi wezinketho zokutshala imali. Inketho ngayinye inesethi ehlukile yobungozi nemivuzo. Nazi ezinye zezinhlobo eziyinhloko zezinketho zokutshalwa kwezimali zokulingana ezitholakala kubatshalizimali.