La umnotho wezwe Ibhekene ngqo nezinguquko ezifuna ukusebenzisana nokuphathwa kwamazwe omhlaba, ezivumelanisa nezinkinga ezifanayo ezifana nokusimama, ezombusazwe, amandla, njll.
Amazwe adinga i- ukuhlanganiswa kwenqubomgomo olinganiselayo ukuze baphumelele ekucindezeleni umnotho womhlaba maqondana nentuthuko nokukhula, futhi bavumelanise le mpumelelo nenqubekela phambili emikhakheni yezenhlalakahle nentuthuko esimeme.
Kube khona ukwehla komnotho wezwe isikhathi eside. Ukukhululeka kwezohwebo sekuthuthuke kancane kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva kunasemashumini eminyaka adlule, ngokufanayo ukungaqiniseki okuphezulu nokwakheka kwesidingo somhlaba wonke yizinto ezivimbe kakhulu ukukhula kwezohwebo.
Kakade ekululekeni kokugcina kuka-2017, ngokusho kuka Inhlangano Yokubambisana Kwezomnotho Nokuthuthukiswa (OECD), umnotho womhlaba usheshise ukukhula kwawo. Kunoma ikuphi, kungashiwo ukuthi kunesilinganiso uma kuqhathaniswa neminyaka ngaphambi kwenkinga yokugcina.
I-OECD ibike ngalesi sikhathi sokuphela konyaka ukuthi umnotho womhlaba wonke uzobe ukhula ngo-3.6% no-3.7% ngonyaka ka-2018. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinga lokukhula elisheshayo kusukela ngo-2010 liyabonakala.
Ukukhula komnotho kuyabonakala emhlabeni, ngemininingwane ekhulayo, into emangaze abaningi. Kunomkhuba wokuthi izinkampani zitshale imali enhlokodolobha, lokhu kube kuhle.
I-Los izimakethe ezikhulayo ngasikhathi sinye bakhombisa intuthuko enkulu, ngokufanayo namazwe athuthukile kakhulu.
Ngenxa yokwehla kwamanani ezinto zokusetshenziswa ezenzeka ngonyaka we-2014, ukufunwa okuhlanganisiwe kwahlangabezana nokuwa okukhulu. Namuhla ukukhula kokufunwa kukhombisa izimpawu zokululama eminothweni emikhulu evelayo.
Lapho umkhiqizo ukhula ngamandla, amathuba omholo ku- ezomnotho ezithuthukile nazo zizokhula. Ngokunjalo nokutshalwa kwemali ebanzi kuzimali zomuntu, zenhlalo, zomzimba nezomphakathi kuyadingeka emnothweni osafufusa. Lokhu kushiwo nguCatherine Mann, oyisazi sezomnotho esikhulu e-OECD.
Iminotho esakhulayo izohola ngezwe ukukhula komnotho emhlabeni, ngesilinganiso esingaphezu kuka-4%.
Yize izindaba zimnandi, le nhlangano isho ukuthi ayikho imibandela yokuthi lokhu kukhula kugcinwe ngale kuka-2019 ngesilinganiso esingabonakala namuhla. Inkinga edlule yezezimali nezomnotho ishiye imiphumela eminingi kubenzeli bezomnotho ngemiphumela ebalulekile engeke ixazululwe kalula.
Ngokwale nhlangano, izinhlobonhlobo zezithiyo ezikhona emazweni amaningi kungumkhawulo obalulekile wokuqhubekeka nokutshala imali okungaguquguquki, into ebalulekile ukukhula komkhiqizo.
Izinga lokutshalwa kwemali elicatshangelwayo nelilinganiselwayo liyaqhubeka nokuba phansi.
Ukusimama komnotho Vs ukuvuselelwa okukhulu kugcinekile
Ukunwetshwa komkhiqizo ophelele womhlaba kungakhombisa ukuzinza ngomqondo wezomnotho, kepha hhayi ukutakula okuqinile okuqhubekayo.
Kukhona ukungaqiniseki mayelana namathemba ezomnotho eplanethi nge izingozi ezingezansi, ukuthi uma kwenzeka, ukukhula komhlaba kulinganiselwa ukuthi kuphansi kunalokho okulinganiselwa namuhla.
Ukuntuleka okuhambisanayo nokugcizelele kwemizamo yenqubomgomo ezingeni lomhlaba kungabonakala uma kubhekwa ukuvuselelwa nokubuyiselwa kwamazinga okutshalwa kwezimali; ngibuze ukuthi uma kwenzekile bekungakhuthaza ukutholakala komkhiqizo.
Ngabe izinjongo ezinjengokwehlisa ubumpofu obedlulele kuze kube seqophelweni lokuqeda noma ukuqinisekisa umsebenzi oncomekayo wezakhamizi zomhlaba zingafinyelelwa ngale ndlela?
I-Los Izinjongo Zokuthuthukiswa Okusimeme futhi inqubekela phambili ekufezekiseni lokhu kungenzeka ikhungatheke kakhulu eminyakeni ezayo.
Izici ezahlukahlukene zingathinta umnotho womhlaba
Ukwehla kokuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba, ukuqagela kancane komkhiqizo lapho ubhekene nokukhula kwawo, ukutshalwa kwezimali ngamanani angathandeki namazinga aphezulu ezikweletu angathinta umnotho womhlaba.
Izinto zokusetshenziswa namanani azo, avame ukuba phansi kwesinye isikhathi, enza umonakalo omkhulu emazweni awathumela kwamanye amazwe.
Ithonya lehlukile izingxabano zomhlaba, ingathinta ngqo nangamandla izifunda ezithile zeplanethi ngomqondo wezomnotho.
Iminotho eminingi ethuthukile, kanye naleyo esathuthuka, ibone ukukhula kokutshalwa kwezimali kwehla emazweni abo. Izinkampani zivame ukudikibala ekuthuthukiseni utshalomali ngenkathi izidingo zomhlaba zihlala zintekenteke, lokhu kungaqiniswa ukungavikeleki komhlaba wonke ezingeni lezepolitiki nakwezomnotho.
Ukutshalwa kwezimali nakho kungathinteka emazweni lapho kushoda khona amathuba ezimali, ngezimakethe zezimali ezimile ezinentuthuko enganele namabhange anemali ephansi.
Emazweni athuthukile kube nomkhuba wokunciphisa ukutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi, lokhu kusuka ngo-2010, kuyisampula yenqubomgomo yokulungiswa kwezimali ngenxa yokukhula kwesikweletu somphakathi.
Ngenxa yokuthi ukungena kwemali, okususelwa ekuthengisweni kwezinto ezingavuthiwe kwehle kakhulu emazweni amaningi, bangeze ukunciphisa ukusika kwabo kwezinsizakalo zenhlalo, ingqalasizinda njll.
Ukukhula emazweni angakathuthuki kangako
Amazwe athuthuke kancane, esikhathini esifushane, akhombisa ukukhula okuphansi kunenhloso ebekiwe ye- Izinjongo Zokuthuthukiswa Okusimeme. Lolu hlobo lokukhula luyingozi ukuze izindleko ezidingekayo zithuthukiswe kwezemfundo, ezempilo, ukujwayela ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, njll.
Ukushintshashintsha noma ukwehlukanisa ukuthunyelwa kwakho kwamanye amazwe kuzoba nzima kakhulu, udaba olubaluleke kakhulu kulezi zinhlobo zamazwe ezisebenza kuphela ngemikhiqizo embalwa futhi ezivame ukuba yizisulu zokushintshwa kwamanani entengo.
Uma izimo zokukhula ziqhubeka ngomkhuba ofanayo nowangeminyaka edlule, ingxenye enkulu yabantu bala mazwe ingaqhubeka ngaphansi kwe- izimo zobumpofu obukhulu i-2030.
Kunzima kakhulu kulezi zizwe ezingathuthukile kangako ukuhlanganisa izinsizakusebenza ukwenza utshalomali abaludingayo. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe kuvame ukugwema lezi zinhlobo zamazwe, leli qiniso futhi lizithinta kakhulu.
Ukukhula komnotho nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni
Kufunwa ngenkani ukuthi umnotho womhlaba uzuze ukunqamuka noma ukumiswa okuqhubekayo nokumakayo phakathi kokukhula komnotho nokwanda kokukhishwa kwekhabhoni.
Yize sekwenziwe inqubekela phambili maqondana nalokhu, amandla avuselelekayo bayaqhubeka nokudlala indima encane ekuholeni ekukhiqizeni amandla emhlabeni.
Ukuthuthuka okuningi okutholakele ekwehliseni ukungcola kungathinteka futhi kuguqulwe ngokushesha, uma imizamo ingahlanganiswa ndawonye evela emikhakheni ezimele kanye nakuhulumeni, ukuze amandla kagesi akhuliswe, kunikezwe amandla.
Ngaphandle kokusekelwa nokubambisana kwamazwe omhlaba, ngeke kwenzeke ukuzuza ukudluliswa kobuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile kanye nezimali ezidingekayo zokuzivumelanisa nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Ukugqugquzela izinsizakusebenza zezezimali
Ukufeza i- Izinjongo Zokuthuthukiswa Okusimeme izimali zesikhathi eside ziyadingeka. Ukwehla okuvele kusabalele ekusheshisweni kokukhula komnotho womhlaba kwenza ukwenziwa kwalokhu kutshalwa kwemali kube nzima kakhulu. Ukuxhaswa ngezimali kwamazwe kuyadingeka, lokhu kukhule emazweni asathuthuka eminyakeni yamuva kepha kuyadingeka nangaphezulu.
Izingozi ezingezansi
Kukhona ezibalulekile izingozi ezingezansi kumathemba ezomnotho eplanethi, inkinga engathinta ukushesha kwayo okungenzeka. Izinqumo zepolitiki kanye nokunqunywa kweminotho emikhulu ethuthukile kudlala indima ebalulekile kulokhu.
Ukungaqiniseki kwezomnotho kanye nezibikezelo
Isimo sezepolitiki ezingeni lamazwe omhlaba sikhiqiza ukungaqiniseki okuphawulekayo.
Isibonelo salokhu yizinguquko ezenzeka noHulumeni wase-United States okhona maqondana nezohwebo, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nabokufika kuleli, ngemuva kokukhethwa kukaDonald Trump njengomengameli.
Isinqumo se-United Kingdom sokushiya i-European Union nayo yonke imiphumela yaso eYurophu, sikhombisa nezinguquko ezibalulekile ezivelayo ukungathembeki.
Izimbangela zokungaqiniseki ukungavikeleki nokudideka, okungabuna amathuba okululama emkhakheni webhizinisi, kuvimbele ukwanda nokuqhubekela phambili kokuhwebelana komhlaba kanye nokusithinta ngalezi zindlela esikhathini esifushane.
Emasangweni ka-2018
Njengoba sekusele izinsuku ukuphela kuka-2017, umhlaba ubukeka ulindele futhi uyazibuza ukuthi kuzokwenzekani ngonyaka ozayo maqondana nomnotho womhlaba.
Kukhona ithemba elihle elenzelwe intuthuko yezomnotho osezingeni eliphezulu njenge-United States, Japan noma i-Eurozone; lapho amabhange aqhubeka nokufaka uketshezi ohlelweni. Iminotho esakhulayo efana neBrazil nayo isibuyile.
Ukunwetshwa kuzoqhubeka nenkambo yaso ngokusobala.
Umbuzo uthi lo mkhuba wamanje wokuthuthuka uzohlala isikhathi eside. I-IMF ibheka ukunwetshwa ukuqhubeka okungenani kweminyaka embalwa ngemuva kwalesi sikhathi, ngaphandle kokuthi kube nezinguquko ezingalindelekile ezingalindelekile.
Noma kunjalo, ubungozi obubi bukhona futhi kuzoqhubeka kube njalo ngonyaka ozayo. Izinkinga zepolitiki zingenye yezinkinga ezinkulu ezingathinta ukukhula komhlaba.
Ukudidiyela nokubambisana kwamazwe omhlaba kuyadingeka ukuvula indlela yezezimali zezohwebo, kugcizelelwa amazwe ampofu e-Afrika, izifundazwe ezisathuthuka kanye nezinye eziswele. Ukubambisana kwamazwe omhlaba nakho kumele kuqondiswe kwezinye izindawo.
Izwe ngalinye noma isifunda ngasinye kufanele sandise izinqubo nezinyathelo zaso, ukufeza ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zaso ezithile futhi kungabi nokuncika okwandayo kunqubomgomo yezimali.