Ngaphambi kokuba idoli linamathiselwe njengemali eyinkomba yamazwe omhlaba, kwakukhona uhlelo lwemali oluhlukile, okubizwa nge standard yegolide, okwakuqukethe uhlelo olwalinganisa inani lemali egolide.
Yayiyini indinganiso yegolide?
Umhlinzeki wemali kungaqinisekisa ukuthi amanothi awakhiphayo abesekelwa ngenani elithile lensimbi eyigugu, inani lalo elalivele lilungisiwe ngokwezinga lokushintshisana elisungulwe futhi lavunyelwa izikhungo zezezimali zangaleso sikhathi.
Isibonelo, ngo-1944, ngenkathi samukelwa ukwamukelwa kwedola njengemali yomhlabaKuhlaka lokwenziwa kwezivumelwano zeBrettón Woods, ngaleso sikhathi imali yaseMelika yayinenani lokushintshisana maqondana negolide, elalimi ezingeni lamadola angama-35 nge-awunsi yegolide.
Ngale ndlela, kwaqinisekiswa ukuthi kuwo wonke amadola angama-35 akhishwa uhulumeni waseNyakatho Melika, inani laleyo mali yamaphepha lalisekelwa ngegolide elilodwa nje, okusho ukuthi ngokuba namadola angama-35, wawungazuzi nje kuphela imali yamaphepha kanjalo , kodwa ibhange elikhulu lase-United States likuqinisekisile ukuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo wawukhona umnikazi wegolide elilodwa.
Kwenzekani ngephethini?
Lolo hlelo lwawa ngo-1971 nomehluko omkhulu okhona ezikhathini zamanje nesikhathi lapho izinga legolide lakhonya phambili, lokho kumane nje kubelula, idola alisenayo insimbi esekela inani lalo, ngakho-ke kulokhu, njengoba ungumnikazi wedola laseMelika, manje umnikazi wemali yamaphepha kanjalo, kanye nesiqinisekiso sokuthi uhulumeni waseNyakatho Melika ukukunikeza inani laso, okuwukuthi, limane nje lisekelwa ethembeni elinikezwa abanikazi balo, abazomelwa izimakethe eziningi kanye nabatshalizimali emhlabeni wonke, abenza izigidi ukuthengiselana nsuku zonke, njengokuthenga nokukhokha kusetshenziswa imali yase-US njengemali eyinkomba yamazwe omhlaba, futhi lokho kutholakala kukho konke ukungeniswa nokuthunyelwa kwawo, kanye nokutshalwa kwemali namazwe ahlukahlukene emhlabeni.
Ziyini izingozi ezicashile ngemuva kwedola njengemali yamazwe omhlaba?
Ngenkathi inani ledola lalisuselwa kuzinga legolide, kwakungekho ukukhathazeka okujwayelekile njengalokhu okukhona namuhla. Isizathu silula, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi uhulumeni wase-US wayengakhipha amadola amaningi njengoba izinqolobane zakhe zegolide zazingasekela, ngakho-ke kwakukhona impahla ebonakalayo eyayivumela ukukhishwa kwemali.
Kodwa-ke, konke kwashintsha ngo-1971, lapho, ngenxa yempi ebizayo yaseVietam, uhulumeni kaRichard Nixon wenza isinqumo sokushiya ukuguquguquka kwedola ngegolide, ngoba izinqolobane zalo zensimbi zazinganele ukusekela inani elikhulu Ama-banknotes bekufanele akhiphe ukuhlangabezana nezindleko eziningi ezidalwe yimpi.
Le yindlela esazalwa ngayo namuhla, kepha lokhu akuphelelanga futhi abezomnotho abaziwayo abanqeni ukubhekana nalokhu. ukuqina okumelwe ngedola, hhayi nje kuphela umnotho wase-US kepha lonke uhlelo lwezezimali lwamazwe omhlaba jikelele.
Izizathu zokukhathazeka zigxile ekutheni i Ibhange elikhulu laseNyakatho Melika, iFed (Federal Reserve System), ngeSpanishi iFederal Reserve System, Namuhla ungakhipha amadola amaningi njengoba ufuna, okusho ukuthi, ngobuchwepheshe abukho inani lesikweletu i-United States engaba nalo nomhlaba, kanye nasezingeni lasekhaya.
Lesi simo siyakhathaza impela, ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi idola lingahle lichaze ukufika kwebhamu elisha lezezimali, okuqubuka kwayo obekungadala inkinga yezomnotho embi kakhulu emlandweni.
Isizathu salezi zibikezelo ezidabukisayo sigxile ekwandeni okwenyukayo kophahla lwesikweletu sikahulumeni wase-US. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, kucatshangwa ukuthi ukuzethemba okumelelwa yi-United States, noma ngasiphi isikhathi kungahle kudilike lapho kunenkinga ezweni, ngoba amadola asekelwa kuphela ukuzethemba emandleni kwezomnotho e-United States, noma iyiphi inkinga yezomnotho yesizwe ihlale iyiphuzu elibalulekile, ngoba ngeke ihlale ikwazi ukunikeza isiqiniseko emazweni nakubatshalizimali, ngemali yamaphepha engenakho okuhle ngokomzimba emuva engayisekela.
Iziphakamiso ezintsha ezizama ukulingisa uhlelo lwemali njengezinga legolide
Njengoba ubhekene nezinselelo ezintsha eziseza ngenxa yokwehla kwamandla e-United States, uhlelo lwezomnotho lwamazwe omhlaba lusezinhlelweni zenguquko lapho ngaso sonke isikhathi kunokubamba iqhaza okukhulu kwezinye izizwe ukuzama ukusungula uhlelo olusha lokukhomba ezezimali.
Ngokuqondile, eminyakeni yamuva nje, omunye wabalingisi abavelele maqondana nalezi zinhlelo yiChina, izwe okuye kwaba yisikhathi eside selilwela ubuholi bezomnotho wamazwe omhlaba, futhi ukuze kufezeke lokhu, liyaqhubeka uchungechunge lwezenzo ezibhekiswe ekwehliseni amandla nomthelela wedola kuzentengiselwano zezomnotho zomhlaba.
Ngale ndlela, muva nje, uhulumeni waseChina wethule ngoMashi 26, Izinkontileka zesikhathi esizayo zikawoyela ezenziwa ngama-yuan, ukuze lolu hlelo lusebenze njengesiqalo sokuphela kobukhulu bedola. Izisusa zalokhu kuqaliswa okusha kweBeijing zingaqondakala ezinhlangothini ezahlukahlukene.
Okokuqala, okuvele kuthathwe njengeqiniso ukuthi I-China ifuna ukuthola ukubonakala okukhulu ekuthathweni kwezinqumo zomphakathi wamazwe omhlaba, Ngakho-ke, ukuba ngumshayeli wohlelo olusha lwemali kuyisetshenziswa esihle kakhulu sokuthola udumo nokwaziwa emhlabeni wonke, ukwethenjwa okwamanje okubekwe ikakhulu e-United States.
Ngokunjalo, okwesibili, kufanele kushiwo ukuthi ubudlelwano bezepolitiki nobezombusazwe obugcinwa nguhulumeni kaDonald Trump nezwe lonke abukude nokuthula, ngokuba I-China ingenye yokugxila kwayo ekuhlaselweni kwezomnotho kanye nezohwebo izwe lakho elibe nalo namanye amazwe.
Ngakho-ke, kungokwemvelo ukuthi uhulumeni we I-China ifuna ukusheshisa ngokushesha okukhulu isinyathelo sayo sokususa ezinhlelweni zokulawula imali ezenziwa yiWashington has, futhi isixazululo salenkinga sitholakale ekunciphiseni kwedola lisuka emalini entsha eyisithenjwa. Kungaphansi kwalo mongo lapho ukwenziwa kwe-petroyuan kwenzeka.
Ngabe upetroyuan angaphumelela?
Isimo samazwe omhlaba lapho ukwenziwa kwepetroyuan kwenzeka ngaphansi kwaso yisimo esihle sokukhuthaza imizamo yokulwa nokuhlaselwa nobutha uhulumeni kaDonald Trump asungule ngokumelene namazwe amaningi emhlabeni jikelele, isenzo esenze ukuthi singathandeki kakhulu futhi ngasikhathi sinye isikhathi Kususe ababambisene nabo ababekade beyisisekelo esikhulu se-hegemony yase-US. Kodwa-ke, kungenxa yalezi zimo ukuthi i-petroyuan ithole indawo elungele ukufinyelela ezimakethe, okungenani maqondana nethuba lezepolitiki okwamanje.
Kodwa-ke, ngakolunye uhlangothi, emkhakheni wezezimali, sekucacile ezinsukwini zakamuva ukuthi ukubusa kwedola kugxilile ezweni lanamuhla kangangokuthi ngeke kube umsebenzi olula wemali esekelwa uwoyela waseChina. ezimakethe zomhlaba, ezinesisindo esikhulu emhlabeni ukuzethemba kwedola.
Noma kunjalo lokhu umzamo wokuqala wokuqaqa imali yase-US ekukhokhelweni kukawoyela emhlabeni imele isinyathelo sokuqala ekwehliseni amandla ale mali, futhi yingakho ifaneleke kakhulu ekusungulweni kohlelo olusha lwezomnotho, kukho konke olumele futhi luchaze ngasikhathi sinye.
Ngabe idola liyoke libuyele ezingeni legolide?
Ngesinye isikhathi ngesikhathi sikaMongameli weTrump, kungenzeka ukuthi uhlelo lwezezimali lwaseMelika luzophinde lubuyise izinga legolide njengokusekelwa kwemali yalo. Kodwa-ke, lesi siphakamiso asikaze sizuze umthelela omkhulu ngenxa yokuthi kungaba nzima kangakanani ngomnotho okwamanje olawula isikweletu somphakathi esingaphezu kwezigidigidi eziyi-14 zamadola, ukuxhasa lonke lelo nani lamadola egolide, ngokusho kwezitatimende zabathile bezomnotho , ngokuvumelana nenani lale nsimbi i-federal reserve enalo, kungenzeka ngobuchwepheshe, ngoba basho ukuthi ukuze izinga legolide lithathwe njengelifanelekile ebhange eliphakathi lase-United States, kudingekile kuphela ukuthi bakwazi ukusekela i-10% yawo wonke amadola asakazwayo, okuthi, ngokusho kwalaba bahlaziyi, kungaphakathi kwamathuba wamanje weFed.
Njengoba umnotho wamazwe omhlaba unamuhla, kunengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi kudinga izinguquko eziningana zokwakheka, kepha okubalulekile lapha ukuthi kuhlale kucatshangelwa lokho okushiwo uguquko kumele njalo luhlose enhlalakahleni yeningi labantu bomhlaba hhayi nje abambalwa.
Akunakwenzeka ukubuyela ku-Gold Standard ngokususelwa kunqubo yezibalo okushiwo yi-Principle of Progressive Growth of the Monetary Mass. Lo Mthetho, owatholakala ku-2013, uqeda futhi uqeda yonke imfundiso yezimali ye-Austrian School of Economics.
Akunakwenzeka ukubuyela eGold Standard ngokususelwa kunqubo yezibalo eshiwo yi-Principle of Growth progressive of the Monetary Mass. Lo Mthetho, owatholakala ku-2013, uqeda futhi uqeda yonke imfundiso yezimali ye-Austrian School of Economics. Bona imininingwane eminingi ku-Wikipedia.