Ukuba kukho umxholo ongaziwayo kubasebenzisi, ngokungathandabuzekiyo lowo unxulunyaniswa negophe lelaffer. Ukuza kuthi ga apho kunzima kakhulu ukuyiqonda kuba isicelo sayo asixineki kwaye oku kuthetha ukuba ayingomlomo weengcali zezoqoqosho. Ewe, ijika laffer ngokusisiseko libhekisa kubudlelwane phakathi kwengeniso yerhafu kunye neerhafu. Ke yintoni le parameter yezoqoqosho isetyenziselwa yona? Ewe, into ebaluleke njengokuqokelelwa kwerhafu ngokutshintsha kweerhafu. Ukuze ngale ndlela, ezoqoqosho zinako qulunqa umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali ochanekileyo kwaye ngengqondo elungeleleneyo.
Kuya kufuneka uyazi ukuba le curve yasasazwa ngu-Arthur Laffer wezoqoqosho, kungoko inegama elinokumangalisa abantu abaninzi. Nangona besele likho ixesha lenkcubeko yama-Arabhu, iziseko zale modeli zabekwa ukulinganisa iinzame zemali. Ke ngoko, ayisiyi ingcinga yale mihla, njengoko amanye amalungu emibono ekholelwa ekubeni irhafu lululeko lwabo lokuqala. Enye into eyahlukileyo kakhulu kukuba ayixhaphakanga kakhulu ngalo mzuzu. Kungenxa yokuba, ayisiyiyo le ndlela.
Igophe le-laffer libonakalisiwe kwimigaqo-nkqubo esele iphuhlisiwe emhlabeni kule minyaka ingamashumi idlulileyo. Ngale ndlela, kwii-80s, uMongameli uRonald Reagan wayengomnye wabona bantu babaluleke kakhulu abathi basebenzise ukuphuhlisa umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali kwinkqubo yakhe yaseburhulumenteni. Kwelinye icala, ubungqina bukwabonisa ukuba umongameli wangoku wase-United States, uDonald Trump, ukhethe esi sicwangciso-qhinga ukufeza isicwangciso sayo serhafu. Njengoko ubona, ijika lelaffer linokubaluleka okuthile kuqoqosho lwamanye amazwe.
Ijika lelaffer elixhumene nengeniso
Ukuba kukho into eboniswe ngentla apha malunga ne-Laffer curve ebonisa, irhafu inokunyuswa ukunciphisa umvuzo endaweni yokuyonyusa. Yintoni u-Art Laffer azise ngayo etafileni ngezo curve kukuba ukuba ufuna ingeniso engaphezulu bekungangcono irhafu ephantsi ukukhuthaza ukukhula koqoqosho nemisebenzi yezoqoqosho. Ingxoxo-mpikiswano evusa inxenye elungileyo yabalawuli behlabathi. Ukusuka kuMariano Rajoy ukuya kuDonald Trump kwaye ngaphandle kokukhetha. Ayisiyiyo kuphela ngeli xesha, kodwa kule minyaka ingamashumi idlulileyo njengoko kubonisiwe kuphononongo lwembali.
Kwelinye icala, okoko kungena amandla e-United States, iqela lezoqoqosho likaMongameli uRonald Reagan lafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba isindululo sokunciphisa irhafu ukukhulisa ukukhula koqoqosho yangeniswa ngokuqinileyo njengenxalenye yesivumo sokholo seRiphabliki Party. Ukuya kwinqanaba lokuba lixabiso elithathwa njengangoku ngoosopolitiki kunye namaqela ezopolitiko. Kule meko, kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ukuncitshiswa kwerhafu kukaReagan kwonyusa intsilelo, kunceda ukunyusa inzala kwi-20%, ethi yona ibe negalelo kuqoqosho olulandelayo.
Ikhula njani ijika?
Emva kokungafumaneki kwefilosofi malunga nokuba yintoni ijika leLaffer, lixesha lokuba uchaze ukuba ikhula njani. Kwaye oku kunzima ngakumbi ukujonga kuba kufuna ukufunda okungakumbi kwicala le- abasebenzisi. Ngale ndlela, ijika leLaffer ine-U ebunjiweyo, apho ireyithi ingu-0 ingqokelela iyakuba ngu-zero, kwaye kwelinye icala xa ireyithi iyi-100%, ingqokelela nayo ikwiziro njengoko iphezulu kakhulu.
Enye inkcazo yokuqonda ezi grafu zintsokothileyo kufuneka ikhunjulwe ukuba ezi zinto zigqithileyo kwigophe esithe salichaza kusengqiqweni ukuziqonda ukusukela ngoku. Ukusukela ukuba iirhafu zerhafu yi-0% ingqokelela ayizukusebenza. Ngamanye amagama, uRhulumente akazukufumana kwanto ngemali efunyenwe ngabasebenzi neenkampani. Ngelixa ngokuchaseneyo, ukuba iirhafu ziyi-100%, okanye yintoni enye, ubuninzi, kuyakutolikwa ukuba uRhulumente uyakuthatha yonke imivuzo yabantu kunye nayo yonke inzuzo yeenkampani. Kuthetha ntoni oku? Ewe, into elula ukuyiqonda njengokuba kungekho zinkuthazo ekusebenzeni, kwaye ngenxa yoko kunokuba yingozi kuqoqosho ngokubanzi.
Ukubonakaliswa kwezi curve
Ewe, ii-curves eziqale engqondweni yale economist enkulu yezoqoqosho inokukhupha iingcamango ezininzi ezinokufikelela nakwi-macroeconomics. Kuba, enyanisweni, ukuba ukutolikwa okunokufumaneka kuhlalutyo lwezi curve zahlukileyo kunento ethile, kungenxa yokuba xa amaxabiso erhafu ephezulu kakhulu, inokuba luphawu olomeleleyo malunga ukungabi nako ukuba abantu bakhangele umsebenzi. Isizathu kukuba inxenye yomvuzo wakhe iya kwiirhafu ezingathandwayo. Kukhethwa ukuba usebenzise ezinye izixhobo, njengokukhetha ukuqokelelwa koncedo okanye inkxaso-mali yokungaqeshwa.
Ukusuka kule meko ngokubanzi, ayinakulibaleka ukusukela ngoku ukuba amagophe abonisa imeko ye umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali welizwe. Ukuya kwinqanaba lokuthatha isigqibo sokuba ingaba iyanda okanye ngokuchaseneyo, ivula imodeli ethintelayo. Apho kukho abalandeli bezi ntlobo zimbini, zisa irhafu ngabemi, njengoko kusenzeka ngalo mzuzu kwinxalenye enkulu yamazwe ehlabathi. Abo bakhusela, njengakwimeko yenkululeko, ukunciphisa irhafu ukukhulisa uqoqosho. Okanye abakhuseli bezikhundla ezizinzileyo ezichaza ukwanda kuzo njengefomula yokuba nemali ethe kratya kwinkcitho yoluntu kunye noncedo lwentlalo.
Imigaqo-nkqubo yezemali njengesixhobo sezopolitiko
Alithandabuzeki elokuba ukurhafisa kuye kwaba sisixhobo sezopolitiko kwinxalenye yamaqela ekukhangela ivoti ethandwayo. Ngale ndlela, into ebizwa ngokuba ligophe leLaffer yiparameter enamandla yokufumanisa ukuba yeyiphi umthamo werhafu iirhafu. Ayothusi into yokuba kwiigrafu zayo inqanaba lerhafu elinalo ilizwe okanye indawo yezoqoqosho linokufunyanwa ngengxaki engaqhelekanga. Ewe kunjalo, ngokujongwa ngakumbi kunezinye iindlela okanye ezinye iindlela zokutolika. Ngokuqinisekileyo sesinye sezibonelelo onokubonelelwa yile modeli yohlalutyo.
Ngomnye umthambo, zininzi iithiyori malunga nale curve ezichaza ukuba kutheni iinkampani zihlawula irhafu encinci kunaleyo iphakathi. Ngaphezulu kwako konke ukutolikwa okunokutsalwa koku imodeli yokuthelekisa ngokwembono yezopolitiko. Kananjalo nokuqonda ezinye iimeko ezinokuphuhliswa kunyango lwerhafu. Kwaye nakweyiphi na imeko ichaphazela bonke abemi, ngandlela thile okanye enye njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla. Kungenxa yokuba ayinakulityalwa ukuba uninzi lweenguqulelo lunokunikwa kule curve ikhethekileyo sithetha ngayo kweli nqaku.
Umongo wophuhliso lwayo
Kuzo zombini iimeko, inye kuphela into ecace gca kubo bonke abahlalutyi kunye noqoqosho. Kwaye inento yokwenza nento yokuba umyili wayo uqikelele ukuba kufanele ukuba kubekho indawo efanelekileyo apho uMbuso uqokelele ubuninzi ngelixa ubiza ubuncinci obunokubakho: ingqokelela yeerhafu inyusa ingqokelela kaRhulumente. Kodwa yintoni eyona ngxaki inokubangelwa yile meko? Kulungile kuba iyathanda ungatyhafisi imisebenzi yezoqoqosho. Ukuya kwinqanaba lokuba kunokucingelwa ukuba ukuthoba irhafu kuyonyusa ingeniso kuba baya kuba baninzi abantu abafuna ukusebenza kunye nokutyala imali. Ngale ndlela, kunokuba luncedo ukukhulisa umsebenzi wezoqoqosho kwasekuqaleni.
Kwelinye icala, ayinakulityalwa nanini na xa ijika eLaffer ingumfanekiso obonisa ukuba umahluko werhafu (10%, 40%, 50%, ...) unokuchaphazela njani inani elipheleleyo lokuqokelelwa kwerhafu werhafu. Iluncedo kulo naluphi na uhlobo lwemilinganiselo ngoqoqosho olunokuthi lufike kwingxaki yokwenyani okanye isisombululo semigaqo-nkqubo yezemali esetyenziswe ngoorhulumente. Umzekelo, inyani yokuba irhafu inyukile izakukhuthaza uqoqosho lwabantsundu nobuqhophololo. Ngelixa ngokuchaseneyo, kufanelekile ukuba uchaze isiphumo somahluko kwirhafu kwingeniso eyinkunzi (inzuzo eyinkunzi ngokutyala imali kwimarike yemasheya, iidiphozithi okanye iarhente yokuthengiswa kwezindlu).
Ngayiphi na imeko, kwaye ngendlela yokuqukumbela, kunokuthiwa kwezi grafu zibandakanyiweyo ezigoso, irhafu esezantsi ayinyanzelekanga ukuba inyuse ingqokelela, kuba ayinyanzelekanga ukuba inyuse umsebenzi okanye ikhuthaze ukusetyenziswa kwayo. Ngale ndlela, yonke into iya kuxhomekeka ekuhambisaneni namanye amanyathelo okongezwa kwezoqoqosho.