Ngaba ukhe weva ngokungaphandle okubi? Uyazi ukuba kuthetha ukuthini? Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ngegama layo unokucinga ukuba yinto engalunganga, amaxesha amaninzi ayinyanzelekanga ukuba ibe njalo.
Kungenxa yoko, Into yokuqala kukwazi nzulu yonke into equkwa leli gama. Ziphose kuyo?
Yintoni ingaphandle engalunganga
Ingcamango yangaphandle engalunganga kulula ukuyiqonda. Ngaba nasiphi na isiphumo esibangela umonakalo eluntwini. Ezi ziphumo zinokunikwa ngumsebenzi, nokuba yimveliso okanye ukusetyenziswa, kwaye ngokungafaniyo nezo zilindelweyo, ziza ngokungalindelekanga.
Ngamanye amazwi, ngu-a isiphumo esibi kuluntu oluveliswa yimveliso okanye ukusetyenziswa kunye nesiphumo esingekho kwiindleko.
Makhe sithathe umzekelo. Yiba nomfanekiso wenkampani yeekuki. Bazisa ukuthengisa ibhetshi entsha abayisasaza kwiivenkile ezahlukeneyo okanye kwiivenkile ezinkulu.
Kwaye, emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa okanye iiveki, kuyaqala ukubakho iimeko zabantu abaye batyhefa okanye abagulayo kwaye inqaku eliqhelekileyo kubo bonke yizo cookies. Oku kungacwangciswa ngaphakathi kumphandle ongalunganga kuba sibangela iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezibi neziyingozi kumaqela esithathu.
Ukongezelela, ihambelana nolunye uphawu, olukukuba oku akuzange kubonwe kwangaphambili kwaye ngoko ke iindleko azikwazi ukuhlawulwa ngemali egciniweyo (into enokwenzeka).
Ngaba uyayiqonda imeko yangaphandle engalunganga ngale ndlela? Ngokwenene sisiphumo esibi esingathathelwa ngqalelo xa sibeka ixabiso lokuthengisa ezo mveliso kwaye akukho malungiselelo anokuvela.
Ngamazwi e UJean-Jacques Laffont: "Izinto zangaphandle ziziphumo ezingathanga ngqo zokusetyenziswa okanye imisebenzi yokuvelisa, oko kukuthi, iimpembelelo kwii-arhente ngaphandle komsunguli womsebenzi onjalo (kunye) ongasebenzi ngenkqubo yexabiso."
Iintlobo zezinto zangaphandle
Nangona sele usazi ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni na yangaphandle engalunganga, uya kuba ne-intuited yokuba kukho ekhayo. Ngokwenyani, ulwahlulo lwe Izinto zangaphandle zohlulwe zibe ngamaqela amathathu amakhulu:
ngaphandle okulungileyo
Es enye apho uveliswa ngengeniso. Siza kwenza umzekelo. Khawucinge ukuba unenkampani yobusi. Kwaye uneenyosi ezivelisa ubusi kuwe. Kumnyango olandelayo, umlimi ugqiba kwelokuba atyale imithi yama-apile. Ezi ntyatyambo zithwala iintyatyambo kodwa kufuneka zivulelwe ipoleni ukuze zithwale isiqhamo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, into obuya kuyenza iya kuba kukwenza "ngokwenziwa".
Kodwa nazi iinyosi. Kwaye ezi zisimahla, ngoko zinokuphelela emithini kwaye zondle incindi yeentyatyambo. Ukutshintshana, ihambisa ipoleni kwintyatyambo kwaye ukusuka apho kuphuma isiqhamo.
Isixelela ntoni le nto? Ukuba omabini amashishini ayaphumelela ngaphandle kokuchitha nantoni na. Oko kukuthi, kukho i-externality entle kuba zombini inzuzo kwaye akufuneki uchithe iindleko (kunye nexesha) ukwenza into eyenziweyo.
ubungaphandle obungalunganga
Yile nto besiyikhankanye ngaphambili. kwenzeka nini isenzo silimaza isithathu. Makhe sithathe omnye umzekelo.
Yiba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni womlambo ozele ziintlanzi. Ukuze babe nempilo kuyimfuneko ukuba amanzi ahlambulukileyo, ukuba kukho ukutya, njl. Kodwa, ngabamelwane, kukho umzi-mveliso wedayi. Kwaye kuvela ukuba imichiza ngamanye amaxesha iwela emlanjeni. Ngeziphi iintlanzi ezihlala kwindawo engafanelekanga. Zisenokude zibe yityhefu.
Ngoku cinga ukuba ezi ntlanzi zibanjiswa kwaye zithengiswa kubathengisi beentlanzi. Intsapho iyawathenga ize izitye. Kwaye uyagula.
Uyalubona unxulumano?
indawo yangaphandle
Okokugqibela, sinendawo yangaphandle yendawo. Le yenye yamva nje evele kwaye uyinika uFred Hirsh owathi wagqabaza ngayo ngo-1976. Yinto yangaphandle leyo Kuya kuxhomekeka kwindawo apho abadlali okanye iimpahla zikwimeko.
Umzekelo uya kuba kukuthengwa kweqhekeza lezacholo ngumntu. Usenokucinga ukuba ilitye elinqabileyo yindlela yokuvumela omnye umntu aqonde indlela amthanda ngayo. Kodwa kwelinye icala, abanye basenokucinga ukuba uzama ukubonisa ukuba unokuchitha imali eninzi kunabanye. Okanye ufuna ukuthenga izacholo kuba eziva kakubi ngento ayenzileyo.
Ukuba ujonga, kuxhomekeke kumntu ombuzayo, kunokubakho izikhundla ezahlukeneyo.
Kutheni le nto umphandle ongalunganga usenzeka?
Xa siye sachaza umphandle ongalunganga kubhekiswa kusetyenziso nakwimveliso njengezizathu zoku. Kodwa kutheni kanye?
Kwimeko yokusetyenziswa, sithetha ngezigqibo zokusetyenziswa. Into esiyithengayo okanye into esiyisebenzisayo.
Ngokwenxalenye yayo, imveliso ibhekisa ngaphezu kwayo yonke into kwizigqibo ezenziwe yinkampani ukuvelisa oko kulungileyo okanye inkonzo.
Kufuneka uyithathele ingqalelo loo nto izinto zangaphandle azinakubangelwa kuphela yenye yezi zinto, kodwa zombini ngaxeshanye.
indlela yokusombulula
Kucacile ukuba izinto zangaphandle ezingalunganga aziyonto ilungileyo, ngokuchaseneyo. Ngoko ke, ukuziphepha kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngenxa yoku, uRhulumente ngokwakhe unokunceda.
Njengoko isenza? Ngaloo ndlela:
- Ukubonelela ngemfundo efanelekileyo kuluntu. Hayi nje ukuphepha ukwenzeka kwezi meko, kodwa ukwenzela ukuba abo basebenzayo okanye abaseka iinkampani bazazi ezi ngxaki kwaye babonelele ngeendlela zokuziphepha.
- Ukumisela iirhafu. Hayi ukuqokelela ngokwayo, kodwa ukuze iinkampani ngokwazo ziqonde ukuba kufuneka zithathele ingqalelo ezi meko. Ngapha koko, iiparamitha ziqhele ukusekwa ngaphakathi kweerhafu ezinceda ngakumbi ezo zinciphisa ungcoliseko okanye zinceda okusingqongileyo kunye noluntu xa kuthelekiswa nezo zingakwenziyo.
- Ukulawula. Ngemimiselo, imithetho, njl. ukugcina umsebenzi olungileyo kunye nomgangatho.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukongeza kwezi zisombululo, abanye banokulandelwa ukuba baphucule ngakumbi ukuba le ngxaki ayibonakali.
Eminye imizekelo yezinto zangaphandle ezimbi
Ngaphaya komxholo wabathengi, eneneni umphandle ongalunganga unokunxulunyaniswa neminye imiba emininzi.
Umzekelo:
- Abatshayayo abangevayo kufuneka banyamezele umsi oqhumayo nobenzakalisa impilo yabo.
- Ungcoliso lwengxolo oluchaphazela ngokunzulu abantu ekufuneka benyamezele (imijuxuzo, okanye amatheko asesitratweni kwiindawo abalala kuzo abantu).
- Ungcoliseko lokukhanya, olunokuphazamisa ubuthongo babo balala ngezibane, okanye abangenako ukulala.
- Ukufuywa ngokunzulu, okubangela ukuba zixinene okanye zingabinawo umgangatho wobomi.
- Kwaye okuninzi.
Ngaba icacile kuwe into engaphandle engalunganga kwaye kutheni kubalulekile ukuyiphepha?