Ngaba unokucinga ukuba kwakukho indlela yokwazi ukuba umntu uya kukhetha ntoni xa iindleko kunye neenzuzo zixhomekeke kwabanye abantu? Ewe, inyaniso kukuba kukho isixhobo, esisetyenziswa kwezoqoqosho, kodwa nakwimathematika, i-biology, i-sociology, i-psychology kunye namanye amasebe. Sithetha nawe malunga nethiyori yomdlalo.
Kodwa ngaba ukhe weva ngayo? Ngaba uyayazi ukuba isebenza njani kwaye kutheni ixabiseke kangaka kwaye ibalulekile kuqoqosho. Okulandelayo siza kuthetha ngaye.
Yintoni ithiyori yomdlalo
Njengoko sikuxelele ekuqaleni kweli nqaku, ithiyori yomdlalo yinxalenye yezibalo kunye nezoqoqosho kwaye iphonononga ukuba yintoni enokuba lolona khetho lungcono xa iindleko kunye neenzuzo zimiselwa zizigqibo zabanye abantu.
Sinokuthi ngumdlalo apho indlela yokuziphatha komntu ihlalutywa kusetyenziswa imidlalo yobuchule. Ngokhetho lwabantu unokujonga kwaye uqonde indlela abadlali abaqiqa ngayo.
Imvelaphi yethiyori yomdlalo
Owokuqala ukuthetha ngethiyori yomdlalo yayinguJohn von Neumann kunye noJohn Forbes Nash ngo-1928. Nangona kunjalo, bazisekela kwimibhalo yomnye umbhali, uJames Waldegrave, owaqala ngo-1713. Kuzo, umbhali wathetha ngesisombululo esincinci esixubeneyo sesicwangciso sabantu ababini kumdlalo wekhadi.
Kwakhona kwaziwa ukuba, ngo-1838, omnye umbhali, uAntoine Augustin Cournot, wenza umsebenzi kwi-duopoly.
Kwiminyaka emva kohlalutyo lukaNeumann noNash, ngowe-1950, kwavela "ingxaki yamabanjwa," enye yezona zidumileyo kwithiyori yomdlalo. Yadalwa nguMerill M. Flood kunye noAlbert W. Tucker. Kwaye kwangaxeshanye uNash wafumana isitshixo ekuchazeni ngenene ukuba yeyiphi eyona ndlela ilungileyo yethiyori yomdlalo.
Izitshixo ezimbini zethiyori yomdlalo
Njengoko ubonile, siye saqonda ukuba yintoni ithiyori yomdlalo. Kodwa ukuze uyiqonde 100% kuyimfuneko ukwazi izinto ezimbini eziphambili ngobunzulu:
- Ingxaki yebanjwa.
- Ulungelelwaniso lweNash.
Ngaphandle kwezi zitshixo zimbini, kukho eminye imidlalo emininzi enokusetyenziswa ukuhlalutya. Abanye baziwa kwihlabathi liphela, njengebhola yomnyazi, iParcheesi okanye ichess.
Eminye imidlalo engaziwayo efana nemidlalo ye-symmetrical okanye i-asymmetrical, ezinikela imivuzo nezohlwayo; imidlalo engu-zero okanye engekho zero; imidlalo yentsebenziswano okanye hayi, ulwazi olugqibeleleyo okanye olungafezekanga...
Sigxininisa kwezo zimbini ziphambili.
ingxaki yamabanjwa
Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, ngumdlalo ohlalutya amathuba okulinganisa okanye hayi i-cellmate xa kukho inkuthazo yokwenza njalo.
Ngokomzekelo, Khawube nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wakho unamabanjwa amabini, uJuan noAntonio. Amapolisa abeka iingcamango ezininzi etafileni:
Ukuba uJuan uvakalisa ukuba bobabini abamsulwa, kodwa uAntonio ungcatsha uJuan, uJuan uya kuchitha iminyaka emihlanu entolongweni kwaye uAntonio uya kukhululeka.
Ukuba uAntonio uvakalisa ukuba bobabini abamsulwa, kodwa uJuan ungcatsha uAntonio, uAntonio uya kuchitha iminyaka emihlanu entolongweni kwaye uJuan uya kukhululeka.
Ukuba aba babini bathi msulwa, baza kuchitha unyaka kuphela entolongweni.
Kwaye ukuba bobabini bathi banetyala, iminyaka emibini iya kudlula.
Xa kuhlalutywa ityala, esona sigqibo silungileyo, kubo bobabini, siya kuba kukuvuma ityala, nokugcina imfihlelo. Kodwa eneneni, kukho ingenelo enkulu ngakumbi, ukukhululwa entolongweni ngokugweba omnye umntu.
Nash equilibrium
Kwangelo xesha kwathi kwavela ingxaki yebanjwa, uNash wafumana isitshixo sokuqonda ithiyori yomdlalo. Ngaloo ndlela, ukulingana kweNash kwavela, okwabeka uluhlu lwabantu kwiimeko. Kufuneka balinganise abanye ukuze bathathe isigqibo sokuba baya kutshintsha isicwangciso okanye hayi.. Kuba ukuba bayakwenza oko, kodwa abanye abaguquki, abayi kuzuza nto.
Indlela ithiyori yomdlalo esetyenziswa ngayo kwezoqoqosho
Ithiyori yomdlalo isenokungabonakali ixabiseke kakhulu kuwe kwezoqoqosho ngoku. Kodwa inyaniso kukuba kunjalo. Kwaye kungenxa yokuba yenye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokwazi ukuba zeziphi iinkqubo zokuthatha izigqibo zabantu, iinkampani, oorhulumente...
Ke, kwezoqoqosho, ukwazi le ithiyori kunokukunceda uhlalutye iimeko ezininzi ezinje:
- Uthethathethwano lwezivumelwano. Akunjalo kuphela phakathi kwabasebenzi, kodwa kunye nezinye iinkampani, kunye noorhulumente, njl.
- Ukuqulunqwa kwexabiso. Oko kukuthi, ukuhlalutya imeko yenkampani kunye nokusingqongileyo ukugqiba isigqibo malunga nokuba liliphi ixabiso lokubiza iimveliso okanye iinkonzo ezithengiswayo.
- Ukhuphiswano phakathi kweenkampani. Xa icandelo elisebenza kulo likhuphisana, i-oligopolistic okanye imarike ekhuphisanayo ngokugqibeleleyo, le nkcazo inokunceda ukuhlalutya ezi ezinye iinkampani.
- Ukuqaliswa kwemveliso entsha. Kuba unokwazi ngakumbi malunga nenqanaba lemveliso okanye ulindele izigqibo ezizayo.
Ngaba wakha weva ngethiyori yomdlalo? Ngaba ukhe waqhelisela?