Ukutyala imali kwimarike yemasheya kufuna ulwazi olusisiseko lokuqhuba imisebenzi ngesiqinisekiso esikhulu sempumelelo. Akunakwenzeka ukuba imigaqo ethile enxulumene nemarike yemasheya ayaziwa. Kungenxa yokuba ngaphandle kwayo yonke into inokubathintela abasebenzisi ekujongeni ngokuchanekileyo imisebenzi yabo nakweyiphi na intengiso yemali. Ngeyona njongo iphambili yokuphucula isikhundla sakho kwiakhawunti yakho yokujonga, nokuba leliphi na icebo lotyalo-mali olenzayo.
Akunyanzelekanga ukuba uqonde imigaqo yoqoqosho yokuqina okuphezulu kwaye ezo ziqhelekile kubaphathi abaphezulu beenkampani. Ngale ndlela, akukho mathandabuzo ukuba ngezinto ezisisiseko ezinokwanelisa le mfuno ukuba iinjongo ekufuneka zifezekisiwe ukususela ngoku ukuya phambili. Ke ngoko, akufuneki ululahle olu lwazi nangayiphi na indlela kuba ngale ndlela yonke into iya kuba ngcono kuwe kwimarike yemasheya ukusuka kula maxesha ngqo. Akumangalisi ukuba iyakuba yenye yezinto eziza kwahlula kwabanye abatyali mali abancinci nabaphakathi kwaye ngenxa yale meko, ukufikelela kwiziphumo ezingcono kwiimarike zezemali.
Ukuze ukwazi ukufeza le minqweno ukususela ngoku siza kukubhengeza eminye yemigaqo esetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi lotyalo-mali. Ezinye zazo zinokuba ziqheleke ngakumbi kuwe, kodwa ezinye zinokukothusa ngobuchule bazo. Ngayiphi na imeko, iya kuba linyathelo elingaphezulu kwiindlela zakho zokufunda kwintengiso yesitokhwe. Ewe, akukho nto uzakuphulukana nayo kwaye zininzi iinjongo onokuziphumeza kunye nesichazi magama esincinci esithengisa izinto esiza kukunika zona ngalo mzuzu. Ungaphuthelwa kuba ngayo uya kukwazi ukufumana imali engakumbi eya kuya kwiakhawunti yakho yokutshekisha.
Isichazi-magama: yintoni i-asethi?
I-asethi yemali: sisixhobo esijolise kutyalo-mali. Bahluke kakhulu kuba banokuba njalo ukusuka kwisenzo Ukusuka kwinkampani edwelisiweyo ukuya kubunini bengeniso esisigxina, ngolunye utyalomali, ezinje ngezinto ezingavuthiyo okanye isinyithi esinexabiso.
Iarhente yokuhlela: banoxanduva lokuvelisa a ukuxabisa izihloko ezo zidweliswe kwiimarike ezahlukeneyo zemali. Ngayiphi na imeko, ezinye zezona zaziwa kakhulu zii-Moody's, Standard & Poor's kunye neFitch.
Ugcino: le yinxalenye yefayile ye- Ingeniso yosapho enganikezelwanga ekusetyenzisweni kwaye enokuthi ibe nengeniso ngeemveliso zebhanki ezahlukeneyo (ixesha lediphozithi, amanqaku ezithembiso zebhanki okanye iiakhawunti ezihlawula kakhulu, phakathi kwezinye zezona zibalulekileyo). Ngonyaka umyinge wenzuzo kwiminyaka yakutshanje engagqithi kumanqanaba e-1%.
Bullish: lutyekelo lokunyuka kwinxalenye yokhuseleko okanye enye iasethi yezemali. Ewe, xa bezifumana bekule meko, ithuba lokwenyani liyavuleka Ngena kwiimarike zezemali ezifanelekileyo. Ayilolize, ukuba impumelelo yokusebenza iqinisekisiwe, ubuncinci ngokubhekisele kwixesha elifutshane.
Ukwanda kwemali, uhlalutyo, njl.
Le yinto eqhelekileyo yokuhamba phakathi kweenkampani ezidweliswe kwiimarike zezabelo. Iyaziwa ngokuba kukho ukwanda kwempahla yenkunzi yenkampani. Oku kunokwenziwa ngokukhupha iintshukumo ezintsha okanye ngokunyuka ngokunyuka kwamaxabiso asele ekho. Inokuba lithuba elihle lokungena kwihlabathi elihlala linzima kwimarike yemasheya, nangona isuka kwindlela eyahlukileyo ngokuthelekiswa neyemveli.
Uhlalutyo oluphambili: ngokusisiseko ibhekisa kwinkqubo yohlalutyo (ayisebenzi kuphela kukhuseleko lokuthengisa esidlangalaleni, kodwa nakwezinye izinto zexabiso) ezisebenzisa yonke ulwazi olufumanekayo kwimarike. Ngale ndlela, kwaye ngokusekwe kulwazi olunikiweyo, umsebenzisi uya kuba nakho ukwenza isigqibo esivikela umdla wabo njengomtyali mali wevenkile. Ngayiphi na imeko, ayithathi ingqalelo yokuvela kwe-asethi yezemali ehlaziyiweyo.
Uhlalutyo lobuchwephesha: le yenye inkqubo yoqikelelo kwiimarike zemali. Nangona kule meko ikwaqwalasele amaxabiso ayo yonke imihla. Ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokubonelela ngolwazi oluyimfuneko ngexabiso elo. Umzekelo, ivolumu yokurhweba, ukungena okanye ukuphuma kwamanqanaba okanye ukwaphuka kwenkxaso kunye nokumelana. Yeyona ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu ngabatyali zimali abancinci nabaphakathi ukwenza ukonga kwabo kunenzuzo, nangona kungekho bungozi ngokuthembakala kwayo.
Ibhendi yexabiso lesitokhwe
I-Bearish: Sisikhundla sokuba umtyali mali alindele ukwehla kwixabiso lokhuseleko, kwaye oko kunokucinezelwa ukuthanda lo mkhwa. Akukho ndlela, kwesi sikhundla kuya kufuneka uvule izikhundla kuba uya kuba nazo zonke iivoti zokukushiya uyinxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu yotyalo-mali lwakho apha endleleni. Kuzo zonke iimeko, iya kuba luphawu olucacileyo lwamaxabiso abo, unokufumana ukuba liphantsi kakhulu kunexabiso langoku. Akunanto, ukuthengisa kuyaqhubeka ngokunxulumene nokuthenga.
Ibhendi: yinto ebalulekileyo njengoluhlu lwamaxabiso phakathi kwayo ixabiso liyatshintsha. Kwimarike yemasheya, inokubhekisa kwinto yokuba amaxabiso abo ahambile kwiseshoni efanayo yorhwebo phakathi kwe-12,45 kunye ne-12,98 euro ngesabelo ngasinye. Iyakukunika umbono oluchanekileyo malunga nokwenzekayo ngale asethi yezemali kwaye uya kuba nakho ukwenza isigqibo kwiimarike zezemali ngesiqinisekiso esikhulu sempumelelo.
Bhere: ukuba uthetha isiNgesi ngokutyibilikayo, awuyi kuba nangxaki ekuqinisekiseni ukuba eli gama liyinxalenye ye Ingxoxo yezemali kwaye iyalingana nokuba i-bearish yokhuseleko okanye i-asethi yezemali ingaba njani. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwezi ndawo ngabo bonke abameli bezemali okanye abo banxulumene necandelo lotyalo-mali.
Imivuzo ngesabelo ngasinye: ikwabizwa ngokuba sisicatshulwa sayo, BPA, Ibhekisa kwinzuzo yenzuzo eyahlulwe ngenani lezabelo ezihlengahlengisiweyo kunyaka ngamnye. Ke ngoko, ilinganisa icandelo lenzuzo eliya kuthi lihambelane nesabelo ngasinye. Umahluko osetyenziselwa ukuhlalutya ukuba leliphi iqela leenkampani ezidwelisiweyo ekufuneka zenze iphothifoliyo yakho elandelayo yotyalo-mali. Akumangalisi ukuba yenye yezona datha zichaphazelekayo kwimarike yemasheya, njengoko nawe ngokwakho uza kwazi ngeli xesha.
Ngaba uyazi ukuba yintoni i-chip eluhlaza?
IBlue Chip: ujongene nelinye igama kunye neengcambu ze-Anglo-Saxon kwaye isetyenziselwa ezona zabelo zidumileyo zidweliswe kwimarike yemasheya, kule meko iye eSpanish. Zizokhuseleko ezikhutshwe ziinkampani ezinyibilikayo, ezinedatha elungileyo esisiseko, kwaye ezizezemali ezinkulu zesizwe. Kwelinye icala, zibonakaliswa ngu umthamo wekhontrakthi liphezulu kakhulu kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo liphezulu kunezinye iinkampani ezidwelisiweyo. Iitshipsi eziluhlaza zesizwe ze-Endesa, Iberdrola, Repsol, BBVA kunye neBanco Santander. Oko kukuthi, eyona ibaluleke kakhulu kwi-Ibex 35.
I-Junk bond: kule meko sibhekisa kukhuseleko oluthile lomvuzo olunikezelwa ngenzala ephezulu ziinkampani ezinobungozi obukhulu. Ukuba ezi ntlobo zikhethekileyo zeemveliso zezemali zahlulelwe into ethile, kungenxa yokuba zibandakanya umngcipheko omkhulu ukunqunyanyiswa kwentlawulo. Ukuza kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokuba ungahlawula icandelo elibaluleke kakhulu kwinkunzi oyityalileyo. Ngayiphi na imeko, kuya kufuneka uphephe ukubaqesha ngaphezulu kwezinye izinto ukuba awufuni kufumana naziphi na ezinye izimanga ukusukela ngoku.
ICandelo loLawulo-mali: yimveliso yengeniso esisigxina ngokugqwesa. Apho ityala loluntu elinikezwe ixesha eliphakathi kweenyanga ezintandathu kunye neshumi elinesibhozo, phantse, livela. Iimodeli zotyalo-mali kubandakanya iimveliso ezaziwayo njenge iibhondi, iibhili zikarhulumente okanye uxanduva, kunye nokuvuthwa okuhambelana nako. Akumangalisi ukuba baqinisekise ukubuya okungagungqiyo minyaka le, nokuba kwenzeka ntoni kwiimarike zezemali.
Abarhwebi njengabalamli
Umrhwebi: kwakhona ujongene nelinye igama leAnglo-Saxon ukuchaza umlamli kuyo nayiphi na intengiso. Ewe kunjalo, kubhekisa kubo bobabini kubarhwebi kwimarike yemasheya nakwiinkonzo zonxibelelwano zebhanki. Ngayiphi na imeko, ziyimfuneko ukuze ukwazi ukusebenza nayo nayiphi na intengiso yemali, kungekuphela kwengeniso eyahlukileyo kodwa kunye nengeniso esisigxina.
Bund: ayikho enye into ngaphandle kwebhondi kazwelonke kwityala loluntu elikhutshwe ngurhulumente waseJamani kwaye ine Ukukhula kweminyaka eli-10. Kubaluleke kakhulu kuba kuthathwa njengomthombo wesalathiso ukubala iipremiyamu zomngcipheko kumazwe e-euro, kubandakanya neSpanish.
Intloko kunye negxalaba: lelinye lawona manani amelweyo ekuthiwa luhlalutyo lobuchwephesha kwaye lahlukile kuba lilindele a Utshintsho lwendlela Ukusuka kwimarike. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze usebenze ngempumelelo kwimarike yemasheya kwaye yiyo loo nto kufuneka uyithathele ingqalelo.
Ipotifoliyo yemodeli: sisakhiwo se amaxabiso acetyiswayo ziingcali zeshishini. Zisebenza ngokubanzi ixesha elithile, ukuba zihlaziywe kancinci kancinci kuxhomekeke kwizicwangciso zomtyali mali. Banokulungelelaniswa neeprofayili zomsebenzisi ezinokuba ndlongondlongo, zimodareyithe okanye zigcine. Kwimeko apho ukubunjwa kwabo kuyahluka.