Amandla enyukliya asoloko engumxholo wengxoxo-mpikiswano kwihlabathi jikelele. Nangona kutsha nje kuye kwakho ukuvuselela umdla wokusebenzisa la mandla. Kuyavakala, ngokukhula koxinzelelo lwe-geopolitical, amazwe afuna ezinye iindlela zegesi yaseRussia. Ukongezelela, iinjongo zokulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu zithetha ukuba ukhetho olunokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ephantsi luyafunwa. Ngokuchanekileyo enye yeempawu zamandla enyukliya... Ngoko ke makhe sijonge indlela yokusebenzisa eli thuba lotyalo-mali kwizitokhwe zamandla enyukliya.
Kutheni amandla enyukliya ilithuba elihle lotyalo-mali ngoku?
Amandla enyukliya anembali ephikisanayo kunye negama elibi, ngakumbi emva kwentlekele yenyukliya Fukushima ngo-2011 okanye ukuba IChernobyl ngo-1986. Kwaye nangona kungenakuba sisisombululo kwingxaki yegesi yaseYurophu kwixesha elifutshane, ingaba sisisombululo sexesha elide esinokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo ukuxhomekeka kwigesi yaseRashiya. IJamani neBelgium sele isirhoxisile isigqibo sazo sokunqumamisa imveliso yazo yenyukliya, kwaye iFransi, iUnited States neUnited Kingdom zenze izicwangciso zokuqalisa ukwakha izixhobo ezitsha zenyukliya. Kwaye akukhona nje ngokuzimela kwamandla. Amandla enyukliya nawo abalulekile ekuncedeni amazwe afikelele usukelo lokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwerhasi eyingozi.
Ipanorama yokwakhiwa kwezityalo zenyukliya ezintsha eYurophu. Umthombo: Bloomberg
Amandla enyukliya acocekile kunerhasi yendalo kuba ayivelisi kukhutshwa kwegreenhouse, nangona ingacocekanga njengemithombo ehlaziyekayo efana nomoya, ilanga kunye namanzi. Ukongeza, inophawu oluxhasayo: imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo ihlala ixhomekeke kwiimeko zemozulu, okuthetha ukuba amandla anikezelweyo aphakathi kwaye kufuneka siyigcine ukuze igridi isebenze ngokufanelekileyo. Ngokuchaseneyo, amandla enyukliya abonelela ngobonelelo lombane oluzinzileyo, kodwa kunye nekhabhoni encinci. Zininzi izibonelelo zokuyisebenzisa, ngoko ke akumangalisi ukuba umthetho wemozulu wakutshanje wase-US ubeke ecaleni phantse i-30.000 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwiikhredithi zerhafu kubaboneleli bamandla enyukliya kule minyaka ilishumi izayo.
Zeziphi iingozi zamandla enyukliya?
Ngoku sizibonile iingenelo zokusebenzisa amandla enyukliya. Kodwa makhe sihlolisise iingozi ezibandakanyekileyo ekusebenziseni la mandla. Enye yeengozi ezinkulu ezaziwayo zamandla enyukliya kukuba nokwenzeka kwengozi. Ngelixa iingozi kwezinye iindawo ezivelisa amandla zidla ngokuba kwanti ngokwentelekiso, iingozi zamandla enyukliya, ezinjengezo zaseChernobyl okanye eFukushima, zinokuba nemiphumo eyintlekele enkulu. Banokwenza ummandla wonke ungahlali, njengoko sibonile ngeChernobyl, kwaye uchaphazele kakubi indalo ixesha elide. Ngaphaya koko, ukuveliswa kwamandla enyukliya kuvelisa inkunkuma eqhuma ngemitha eveliswa ekusebenzeni kwezixhobo zenyukliya. Kwaye eyona ngxaki iphambili kukufumana isisombululo esizinzileyo sokugcina nokuphelisa le nkunkuma. Le nyaniso iye yarhoxisa izicwangciso zemimandla emininzi yokwandisa imveliso yamandla enyukliya.
Indawo engenakuhlalwa ngenxa yentlekele yaseChernobyl. Umthombo: Ukubala iinkwenkwezi.
Ngaphaya koko, ukwakhiwa kwemizi-mveliso yamandla enyukliya ayingomsebenzi olula. Kudla ngokuthatha umyinge weminyaka emi-5 ukuya kweli-10 ukuzakha, singabali iindleko ezinkulu ezizifunayo. Amaxesha amaninzi baye bathande ukulibaziseka kwaye baphele begqithe kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lokuqala, indibaniselwano eqhumayo kubatyali-mali ababaxhasa ngemali. Ezi zithintelo zikwathetha ukuba abatyali-mali bahlala befuna isiqinisekiso semfuno yexesha elide kunye namaxabiso aphezulu ngokwaneleyo ukuvelisa imbuyekezo enhle kutyalo-mali lwabo.
Yintoni ekufuneka uyazi ukuze utyale imali kwi-uranium?
Njengayo nayiphi na enye izinto eziluhlaza, ixabiso le-uranium lihamba ngokusekelwe kubonelelo kunye nemfuno. Kodwa i-uranium ayithengiswa kwimarike evulekileyo njengezinye izinto. Abathengi nabathengisi bathethathethana ngeekhontrakthi ngaphaya kweengcango ezivaliweyo. Kwaye ekubeni izixhobo zenyukliya zibiza imali eninzi ukuzakha, abathengi badla ngokukhetha ukuba ezi zivumelwano zibe zezexesha elide, ukuqinisekisa ukubonelela. Oku kuthetha ukuba amaxabiso okwenene adla ngokuba nzima ukuwalandela kwaye awaguquguquki kangako.
Ukuphuhliswa kwexabiso leuranium ukususela kwingozi yaseFukushima. Umthombo: Tradingview.
Njengoko sinokubona kwigrafu engentla, amaxabiso e-uranium abone ukuhla okukhulu ukususela kwintlekele yaseFukushima ngo-2011. Amazwe amaninzi anquma ukuvala izixhobo zabo zamandla enyukliya kwaye ayeke ukwakha ezintsha. Ngemeko yangoku yonke into itshintshile, nangona ukukhula kwexabiso langoku kusekho kwisithathu esisezantsi kunamanqanaba abonwe kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo. Ngoku bayachacha kwiminyaka yotyalo-mali oluphantsi kwimveliso yamandla enyukliya, xa oorhulumente besandisa ixesha lokusebenza kwemizi-mveliso, belungele ukwakha ngaphezulu ukuba kuyafuneka.
Ngaba kukho nawaphi na amathuba otyalo-mali kwizitokhwe zamandla enyukliya?
Ngelishwa, ukutyala imali kumandla enyukliya akukho lula njengoko kubonakala. Ukuqala, ikhonkco lonikezelo lwamandla enyukliya libanzi kakhulu. Ibandakanya abasebenzi basezimayini ze-uranium, iinkampani zamandla, iinkampani zobunjineli nezokwakha, kunye neenkampani ezinoxanduva lokwenza amacandelo ezixhobo zenyukliya. Uninzi lwezi nkampani zenza uninzi lweengeniso zazo kumashishini angenanto yakwenza namandla enyukliya. Oko kukuthi, siya kuba nobunzima ekufumaneni inkampani esekela imisebenzi yayo kumandla enyukliya. Kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba asinakukhetha ukwenza utyalo-mali kwizitokhwe zamandla enyukliya. Sinokutyala imali ngokusebenzisa iuranium okanye iinkampani zemigodi eziyikhuphayo. Phantse bonke ubuchwephesha benyukliya busebenza ne-uranium, kwaye ababini kwabakhulu abavelisi be-uranium ziinkampani kanye apho singenza utyalo-mali lwethu kwizabelo zabavelisi bamandla enyukliya; Kazatoprom (0ZQ) kunye Cameco (I-CCJ).
Nangona kunjalo, ubunzima botyalo-mali kubavukuzi, kunokuba izinto ezikrwada ngokwazo, kukuba kuthatha iingozi ezongezelelweyo zokusebenza kunye nezemali kwinkampani.
Kwaye nayiphi na i-ETF yokufumana ukuvezwa kwe-uranium?
Ukwenza utyalo-mali lwesitokhwe samandla enyukliya olwahlukeneyo, sinee-ETF ezininzi esinokuzisebenzisa ukuze sibe sesichengeni kweli thuba. Sine-ETFs zamandla enyukliya njenge VanEck Uranium+Nuclear Energy ETF (NLR) okanye Global X Uranium ETF (MHOLWENI). Zimbini iinketho ezilungileyo, kodwa kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ijolise kwiinkampani zenkonzo yoluntu. Kufuneka kwakhona sithathele ingqalelo ukuba imfuno ye-uranium iya kuxhamla ngokukhawuleza ekusebenziseni kwayo okufunekayo kuneenkampani ezakha amaziko amatsha enyukliya. Ukutyala imali kwi-uranium ngokwayo, sinokuyithenga I-Sprott Physical Uranium Trust (U.A.).
Okokugqibela, kwixesha elide, utshintsho lwamandla lukwabandakanya amandla afana namandla enyukliya. Sinokufumana ukuvezwa kwesi siganeko ngokutyala imali kwi iShares Global Clean Energy ETF (I-ICLN) okanye kwi iShares MSCI Europe Energy Sector UCITS ETF (ESIE).