Iyo Laffer curve inomiririra graphical yehukama pakati pemitero yemitero nemitero yemitero. Chinangwa cheiyo curve kuratidza kuti mutero wemari unochinjika sei kana huwandu hwechikwereti hwachinja Musiki weiyi curve inyanzvi yezvehupfumi yeAmerica, Arthur Laffer, uyo anoti kuwedzera kwemutero hazvireve kuti kuwedzerwa kwekuunganidza, nekuti hwaro hwemitero hunodonha.
Laffer anoti panguva iyo mutero wakatarwa kuita zero, mari yehomwe haipo nekuti pachokwadi hapana mutero urikushandiswa. Saizvozvo, kana iwo mutero uri 100%, hapana mari yemutero kana, nekuti hapana kambani kana munhu angabvume kuburitsa yakanaka iyo mari yainogadzira yaizonyatsoshandiswa kubhadhara mutero.
Sekureva kwaLaffer, kana panguva dzakanyanya dzemitero, kuunganidzwa kwemitero kuri zero chete, mhedzisiro kuvepo kwenzvimbo yepakati pakati peizvi zvakanyanyisa iyo inobvumidza iyo yakawanda inogona kuunganidzwa. Tichifunga nezve chokwadi chekuti inflation mune chero hupfumi inoderedza kukosha kwemari, inflation inogona kuoneka semutero unofungidzirwa sekurasikirwa kwemutengo semhedzisiro yechiitiko ichi uye icho chinogara chakatarisana nevabati vechokwadi zviyero zvemari. Mari, zvisungo zvisina indexed uye zviridzwa zvemari.
Izvi ndizvo chaizvo chikonzero Iyo Laffer curve inogona kushandiswa kuongorora mhedzisiro yekusiyana kwe inflation mune chero hupfumi.
Iyo Laffer curve nemitero
Tinogona kutaura ipapo kuti iyo Laffer curve inomiririra kwaunogona kuona nzira iyo hupfumi hwenyika hunokanganiswa nenyaya yekuti mari yehurumende inoenderana chete nemitero inowanikwa. Iyo curve zvakare inoedza kutsanangura kuti kuwedzera kwemitero hazvireve kuti kunoshandura mukuwana imwe mari.
Nekudaro, iyo Laffer curve inoratidza kuti kana hurumende ikawedzera mutero wayo kupfuura imwe pfungwa, Unogona kuwana mari ishoma kana uchienzaniswa nekudzikisa yako mutero pazvinhu nemasevhisi. Pamusoro pezvo, kana hurumende ikawedzera mutero wayo zvakanyanya, mutengo unobva pakuwedzera chiyero ichi kumitengo nemuganho wepundutso wechinhu chero chakanaka kana sevhisi, zvinogona kunge zvisiri nyore kupa izvo zvakanaka kana sevhisi kune chero ani ari kuzvipa kana kuzviwana. .ne chero ani zvake ari kuzvipomera.
Mune mamwe mazwi, kuti mugadziri kana mutengi anosarudza kuti ivo havafarire kana zvakananga, kuti havagone kupa kana kutenga icho chakanaka kana sevhisi. Naizvozvo, kutengesa kweizvozvo zvakanaka kana sevhisi kwaizodonha uye semhedzisiro, huwandu hwemitero inounganidzwa hwaizodonha.
Kunzwisisa iyo Laffer curve
Panguva yeLaffer curve, pa iyo abscissa axis iyo inogona mutero mitero inoiswa pane iyo purofiti yechigadzirwa chakazivikanwa ti , izvo zvinoyerwa muzana kubva pa0% kusvika pa100% uye apo t0 yakaenzana ne0%, nepo tmax yakaenzana ne100%. Kune iro chikamu, axis yemakomputa ndiyo inoshandiswa kumiririra mari yehurumende mumari uye inozivikanwa newe.
El Laffer munyonga girafu Inogona kuverengerwa seizvi: kana mutero wechuru kana sevhisi iri t0, hurumende haizoiti purofiti nekutora mutero, nekuti iko kuunganidzwa kwemitero kusipo. Sezvo hurumende inowedzera mutero zvakanyanya, yakanaka kana sevhisi inoita mhindu yakawanda uye nekudaro kuunganidza kunowedzera.
Kunyange zvakadaro, iko kuwedzera kwemari inowanikwa nehurumende kunowanzoitika kusvika t *, iyo mune ino kesi inozivikanwa seyakakodzera nzvimbo yekuunganidza. Mune mamwe mazwi, iri rinenge riri iro danho remutero iro rinotendera hurumende kuti iwane mari yakawanda kuburikidza nekuunganidzwa kwemitero.
Ukuwo, kutanga kubva t *, iko kuwedzera kwemitero pane zvakataurwa zvakanaka kana sevhisi, Inoita kuti vagadziri nevatengi vasafarire kugadzira uye kutenga izvo zvakanaka kana sevhisi, yega yega nekuda kwezvikonzero zvavo. Panyaya yevagadziri, nekuti kazhinji nguva imwe neimwe yavanowana mari shoma, panguva yechiitiko chevatengi, nekuti vaiwanzotarisana nekuwedzera kuwedzera mumutengo wekupedzisira wekutenga.
Tichifunga kuti iyo mutero wekuunganidza unoenderana ne t0 uye tmax, haipo, mhedzisiro ndeyekuti panofanirwa kuve nemutero wepakati pakati peizvi zvakanyanyisa, izvo mukufungidzira zvinomiririra huwandu hwemari yakaunganidzwa. Zvese izvi zvinoenderana neRolle's Theorem, umo mune nharo kuti kana mari yehomwe iri iri rinoenderera basa remutero, nekudaro panenge paine huwandu hwakanyanya panguva yepakati yepakati.
Un mhedzisiro yemhedzisiro ndeyekuti kana hurumende ikawedzera kumanikidzwa kwemitero kupfuura yakatarwa muzana t *, kuwedzerwa kwemitero kunozoita kusagadzikana, nekuti goho kana mitengo yemitero yekudzoka inowanikwa inowanikwa iri kuramba ichiderera.
Mune mamwe mazwi, vanotanga kuwana muunganidzwa wakaderera nekuda kwekuti mugadziri wepakati haachipo, vamwe zvavanoita kushanda mumusika mutema, nepo vamwe vachisarudza kusawana purofiti nekuti hurumende yakanyanya kupfuura zvavari chaizvo tora mutero. Nekuda kweizvi zvese, iyo Laffer curve inoratidza kuti kudzikiswa kwemitero kwaizowedzera mari chete kana zvazvino mitero yemitero yakachengetwa kurudyi kwenzvimbo yepamusoro yeiyo curve.
Iyo Laffer curve inomiririra fungidziro yekuti shanduko mumitero inoburitsa maviri akanangana nemhedzisiro pamitero yemari: hupfumi mhedzisiro uye arithmetic mhedzisiro. Panyaya yemhedzisiro yehupfumi, hunhu hwakanaka hwemitero pamabasa, chigadzirwa uye basa zvinozivikanwa, nepo mutero wakakwira uchiburitsa zvakapesana nehupfumi nekuranga kutora chikamu muzviitiko nekuwedzera kwemitero.
Kune chikamu chayo, iyo arithmetic mhedzisiro ine chekuita nenyaya yekuti kana iyo mutero iripasi, saka mitero yemitero inoderedzwa semhedzisiro yeuwandu hwekutora mutero, nepo zvakapesana zvikaitika kana mutero wero ukawedzerwa, kubvira iko kuunganidzwa kuburikidza nemitero yakaenzana nemutero unowedzerwa nekuunganidzwa kunowanikwa pamutero.
Nekuda kweizvozvo uye zvinoenderana nehupfumi hupfumi, iine 100% mutero, hurumende mukufungidzira yaisazowana mari nekuti vanobhadhara mutero vaizochinja hunhu hwavo nekuda kwemitero yakakwira. Chaizvoizvo ivo vangadai vasina chinokurudzira kushanda kana kwavari ivo vangasarudza imwe nzira yekudzivisa kubhadhara mutero, kusanganisira kuenda kumusika mutema kana kungoshandisa hupfumi hwehupfumi.
Mutero wekukwira kwemari unoenderana sei neRaffer curve?
Con inflation frequency inoonekwa semutero sezvo ichideredza kukosha kwemari, uye nekudaro, kana paine inflation, kana vamiririri vachida kuchengeta zviyero zvavo zvechokwadi nguva dzose, saka vanofanirwa kuwedzera mari yavo yezita. Ichi ndicho chikonzero kunyangwe hazvo Laffer akagadzira iyo curve yekumirira mutero wemari muUnited States, inogona kunyatso kushandiswa kune inflation mutero modhi.
Kune rimwe divi seigniorage ndiyo mari kana chinhu chinogashirwa nehurumende nekuda kwekungova nebasa rekuita mari, iyo inflation mutero inomiririra kurasikirwa kwemari kune vese avo vanowana purofiti yavo nekuda kwekukwira kwemitengo. Paunenge uine hupfumi husingakure, zvese inflation uye seigniorage zvinowirirana nekuti inflation yakafanana nekukura kwehuwandu hwemari.
Nekudaro, kana iwe uine hupfumi huri kukura, seigniorage uye inflation zvinosiyana nekuti kudiwa kwemari kunogona kuwedzera semhedzisiro yekuwedzera mari. Kwete izvozvo chete, zvinokwanisika kuti Central Bank inogadza chishuwo chakanyanya seyepamusoro soro pasina inflation, asi kuunganidza purofiti. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kunyangwe iine zero inflation, zvichiri kukwanisika kutora seigniorage semhedzisiro yekuwedzera kwekudiwa kwemari.
Hukama pakati pe inflation uye seigniorage inogona kuoneka muLaffer curveTichifunga kuti sezvo inflation ichiwedzera, hazvireve kuti kuunganidzwa kuchawedzerawo sezvo mari yakawanikwa ishoma. Kana inflation iri zero, seigniorage zvakare zero. Zvakare, kana kudiwa kwemari kuchiderera pamwero unokurumidza uchienzaniswa ne inflation, seigniorage inotarisirwa kudzikira zvakatsiga sezvo inflation ichikwira nekusingaperi. Izvi zvinoitika nekuti vamiririri vanotanga kushandura zviyero zvavo chaizvo kuita midziyo ine kushomeka kwemari, asi vaine zita rakanaka rekudzoka.