Keynesianism, inozivikanwawo seKeynesian economics, kana yeKeynesian mode, inobata nedzidziso yezvehupfumi iyo yakadomwa neeconomic John Maynard Keynes, saka izita rayo.
Asi, Chii chinonzi Keynesianism? Chii chako modhi chinoreva uye ndeupi muono wezvehupfumi nezvehupfumi? Izvi ndizvo zvaticha taura nezvazvo zvinotevera.
John Maynard Keynes ndiani?
John Maynard Keynes Aive mumwe wevanonyanya kukosha hupfumi pasi rose. Akazvarwa muCambridge muna 1883, uye akafa muna 1946 muSussex, ndiye mumwe wevane simba veBritish economists vezana ramakumi maviri remakore, zvekuti dzidziso dzake nemafungiro ake zvakakanganisa (uye zvichiri kuita) pane ese ehupfumi marongero uye mazano.yavo mazano.
Basa rake rekutanga, semushandi wehurumende yeVashandi veKunyika, akamuendesa kuIndia, kwaakakwanisa kudzidza zvakadzama kuti hurongwa hwemari yeIndia hwaive sei. Zvisinei, hazvina kugumira ipapo. Aneta nebasa rake, akafunga kusiya basa ndokudzokera kuCambridge University kuti ave purofesa, chimwe chinhu chaaiita muhupenyu hwake hwese.
Zvisinei, akashanda pamwe chete semupi wezano mubazi rezvemari kuBritish achigadzira zvibvumirano pakati peUnited Kingdom nedzimwe nyika dzakabatana (munguva yehondo). Aivewo nhengo yemabhodhi akasiyana evatungamiriri vemakambani einishuwarenzi nemakambani emari, uye akatotungamira hupfumi vhiki nevhiki.
Nekudaro, zvinogona kuoneka kuti hunhu uyu hwaisangove mupiro mukuru kuhupfumi, asiwo kutora kwake chikamu mune zvematongerwo enyika, kunyangwe kubva kunzvimbo yechipiri kana yechitatu, kwakachinja hupenyu hwake.
Chii chinonzi Keynesianism
Keynesianism, inozivikanwawo seyaKeynes dzidziso kana modhi, iri chaizvo dzidziso yezvehupfumi maererano nekupindira kwenyika. Kuti uite izvi, yaifanirwa kukurudzira mutemo wezvehupfumi kuitira kuti imutsiridze kudiwa uye kubatsira kushandiswa kunokurudzirwa.
Mune mamwe mazwi, zvaidiwa nemunyori ndeyekuti Hurumende pachayo iise mari mukushandisa, kuvandudza vagari, avo nekuda kwekuve nemari yekushandisa, vaizozviita, nekudaro vachikwanisa kumutsiridza hupfumi hwenyika. Neichi chikonzero, iri imwe yedzidziso yekuti, munguva dzekutambudzika, inowanzo kuve iri pamiromo yemunhu wese.
Keynesianism yakazvarwa pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi1936; uye akazviita nechinangwa chekubvisa nyika mudambudziko. Yakaburitswa muGeneral Theory yeKushanda, Kufarira, uye Mari muna XNUMX, ichangopera Kuderera Kukuru.
Maonero eKeynesian Dzidziso Anofanira Kunzwisiswa
Fungidzira kuti une nyika iri mumatambudziko. Kazhinji, izvo zvinofungwa neHurumende kukwidza mutero kukwidza imwe mari kuitira kuti irege kupinda muchikwereti. Asi ndizvo zvakanakisa? Kana iwe ukaita izvo, iwe chauchazoita ndechekuti vanhu varombo kunyange varombo, kuti makambani akanyura mumvura uye mazhinji anopedzisira avhara. Muchidimbu, iwe unoshayisa nyika mari kuti uwane mari yeHurumende (iyo pakupedzisira isingakanganise hupenyu hwevagari).
Pane kudaro, Keynesianism yaive yakavakirwa pane imwe nzira yekutarisana nedambudziko. Ehe, isu tinotaura munguva pfupi nekuti, kana zvikaitwa munguva refu pane njodzi huru yekuita kuti dambudziko rinyanye kukura.
Ko Keynes akati chii? Akasimbisa kuti, munguva dzekutambudzika, Nyika dzaifanira kuwedzera mari yeruzhinji, kungave kuburikidza neGross Domestic Chigadzirwa (GDP), nekupa chikwereti chekunze ... (asi kwete nekuwedzera mutero kana kudzikisa mibairo., Isingabate vagari). Izvi zvakashanda kuitira kuti Hurumende ive nemari inofanirwa kuiswa mari, semuenzaniso mumabasa eruzhinji, nechinangwa chekuti iyo mari yainayo inobhadharwa kumakambani akapihwa mabasa.
Asi makambani aya haachengete mari yese, vanobhadhara vashandi vavo, vatengesi, nezvimwewo nayo. Vashandi ava vatove nemari, uye saka vanogona kushandisa mune mamwe makambani. Nenzira iyi, aya mamwe makambani anoda vashandi kuti vasangane nezvinodiwa, zvigadzirwa zvekutengesa, nezvimwe. uye, nenzira iyi, hupfumi hwakagadzirwazve, zvichikonzera kuwanda, kuwedzera kudiwa kwezvigadzirwa. Mune mamwe mazwi, vasina mabasa uye michina inomira kusava nemabasa uye yotanga kugadzira.
Zvino, sezvatakakuudza kare, izvi zvinongobatsira zvenguva pfupi. Uye ndezvekuti, kana mumwe neumwe wevaya vanobatanidzwa achishandisa, ivo vachazviita, asi kwete vese, asi chikamu. Dambudziko nderekuti, zvishoma nezvishoma, icho chikamu chemubhadharo chiri kuramba chichiita chidiki uye chidiki.
Keynes vaitenda kuti matambudziko haakwanise kugadziriswa nevatengi, asi kuti yaive Nyika yakapinda muchikwereti kukwidza kudiwa, uye panguva iyo iko kuvandudzwa kunoonekwa, kunonotsa iyo modhi kudzivirira mibairo mikuru (dambudziko rakakura).
Hunhu hweKeynesianism
Kuita kuti dzidziso yeKeynesian ijeke kwauri, pfungwa huru dzaunofanira kugona ndedzinotevera:
- Chishandiso chikuru kurwisa dambudziko ibumbiro rezvehupfumi. Iyi ndiyo kiyi yekumutsiridza nyika, zvese munguva pfupi nepakati nepakati nepakati.
- Izvo zvinodikanwa kwazvo kukurudzira kudiwa, asi kuzviita nekudyara iyo mari mune zviwanikwa zvemakambani, iyo inozoisa chikamu chemari iyoyo kune vamwe, nenzira yekuti iwe uri kugadzira basa uye chinodikanwa.
- Izvo zvakakosha kuti, pamwe chete nehupfumi hupfumi, mutemo wezvemari unoitwa zviyero izvozvo uye kugadzirisa hupfumi panguva imwe chete.
- Nezve Keynes, njodzi huru munyika kushaya mabasa. Kuwedzera kwevanhu kumira, michina yakawanda yakamira. Izvi zvinoreva kuti makambani anomiswa uye nekudaro, hapana munhu anowana mari yekuti agone kushandisa kuti hupfumi hufambe.
Mukupedzisa, iyo yeKeynesian modhi inotipa chiono chekuti kuwedzera mari yeruzhinji, pasina kukanganisa homwe dzevatengi, kunogona kubatsira nyika kubuda mumatambudziko munguva pfupi. Asi haisiriyo mhinduro inofanirwa kutonga hupfumi hwenyika (nekuti, mukufamba kwenguva, inozopedzisira yaputika uye yoita dambudziko rakakura (nyika ine chikwereti uye ichirarama kupfuura zvayaigona).