Koma zuwa matsayin gwal

Kafin dala ta fara aiki a matsayin kuɗin da ake amfani da shi na ƙasashen waje, akwai tsarin kuɗi daban, wanda ake kira daidaitaccen zinare, wanda asali ya ƙunshi tsarin da ke daidaita ƙimar kuɗin kuɗi daga zinariya.

Menene matsayin gwal?

Wanda ya fitar da kudin tana iya tabbatar da cewa bayanan bayanan da ta bayar sun sami goyan bayan wani adadi na karfe mai daraja, wanda aka riga an ƙayyade darajarsa bisa ga canjin canjin da aka kafa kuma aka yarda da cibiyoyin kuɗi na lokacin.

Misali, a shekarar 1944, lokacin da aka amince da shi daukar dala a matsayin kudin duniyaA tsarin kirkirar yarjeniyoyin Brettón Woods, a wancan lokacin kudin na Amurka yana da canjin kudi dangane da zinare, wanda yake kan farashin dala 35 na oza gwal.

Ta wannan hanyar, an ba da tabbacin cewa a cikin kowane dala 35 da gwamnatin Arewacin Amurka ta bayar, ƙimar kuɗin kuɗin takarda tana tallafawa da zinare ɗaya na zinariya, wanda ke nufin cewa ta hanyar mallakar dala 35, ba kawai kuna samun kuɗin takarda ba kamar haka , amma babban bankin Amurka ya tabbatar maka cewa a lokaci guda ka kasance ma'abucin oza na zinariya.

Menene ya faru da tsarin?

Wancan tsarin ya rushe a cikin 1971 kuma babban bambancin da ke wanzu a zamaninmu tare da lokacin da daidaitaccen gwal ya mamaye, shine a sauƙaƙe da sauƙi, dala ba ta da ƙarfe da ke tallafawa ƙimarta, don haka a wannan yanayin, kasancewar ku mai riƙe da dalar Amurka, yanzu ku kawai ma'abocin kudin takarda kamar haka, da kuma tabbacin da gwamnatin Arewacin Amurka ta baku na kimarta, ma’ana, hakan na samun ci gaba ne kawai daga amanar da masu hannun jarin suka bayar, waɗanda kasuwanni da yawa da masu saka hannun jari a duniya za su wakilce shi, wanda ke yin miliyoyin ma'amaloli kowace rana, kamar sayayya da biyan kuɗi ta amfani da kuɗin Amurka azaman kuɗin kuɗin ƙasashen duniya, kuma hakan yana cikin duk shigo da su da fitarwa, da saka hannun jari tare da ƙasashe daban-daban a duniya.

Menene haɗarin ɓoye a bayan dala a matsayin kuɗin ƙasashen waje?

Lokacin da darajar dala ta kasance bisa mizanin zinare, babu wata damuwa mai yalwa kamar ta yau. Dalilin yana da sauki, saboda a lokacin gwamnatin Amurka na iya fitar da dala kamar yadda adadin zinarenta zai iya tallafawa, don haka akwai kadara ta zahiri da ta ba da damar fitar da kudin.

Koyaya, komai ya canza a cikin 1971, lokacin, saboda tsada ta yakin Vietnam, gwamnatin Richard Nixon ta yanke shawarar barin canjin dala tare da zinare, tunda tarin ƙarfen nata bai isa ya tallafawa yawan adadin ba. takardun kudi da dole ne ta bayar don biyan kudaden da yakin ya haifar.

Wannan shine yadda tsarin da muka sani a yau aka haife shi, duk da haka ba cikakke bane kuma mashahuran masana tattalin arziki da yawa suna da rashin yarda game da representedarfin da dala ta wakilta, ba wai don tattalin arzikin Amurka ba amma har ilahirin tsarin hadahadar kudade na duniya baki daya.

Dalilan kulawa cibiyar akan cewa Babban bankin Arewacin Amurka, Fed (Tsarin Tarayyar Tarayya), a cikin Sifeniyanci Tsarin Tarayyar Tarayya, A yau kuna iya fitar da dala da yawa kamar yadda kuke so, ma'ana, ta hanyar fasaha babu takamaiman adadin bashin da Amurka za ta iya samu tare da duniya, har ma a cikin gida.

Wannan yanayin tabbas abin damuwa ne, tunda ana tunanin hakan dala na iya bayyana zuwan sabon kumfa na kudi, wanda barkewar sa zai haifar da mummunan rikicin tattalin arziki a tarihi.

Dalilin da ke bayan wadannan tsinkayen tsinkayen cibiyoyin akan karin karuwa zuwa rufin bashin gwamnatin Amurka. Baya ga wannan, ana tunanin cewa kwarin gwiwar da Amurka ke wakilta, a kowane lokaci na iya durkushewa yayin fuskantar wani rikici a kasar, tunda ana tallafawa daloli ne kawai daga amincewa da karfin tattalin arzikin Amurka, duk wani rikicin tattalin arziki na al'umma a koyaushe wani lamari ne mai matukar muhimmanci, tunda ba koyaushe za ta iya bayar da tabbaci ga kasashe da masu saka jari ba, game da takardar takarda da ba ta da wani amfani na zahiri a bayan da zai iya tallafa mata.

Sabbin shawarwarin da suke kokarin kwaikwayon tsarin kudi kamar ma'aunin zinare

Yayinda yake fuskantar sabbin ƙalubalen da ke gabansu sakamakon faduwar gaba ta Amurka, tsarin tattalin arzikin kasa da kasa yana kan aiwatar da sauyi wanda a ciki ana ganin ƙarin sahun sauran ƙasashe don ƙoƙarin kafa sabon tsarin ishara game da kuɗi.

Daidai, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ɗayan fitattun' yan wasan kwaikwayo game da waɗannan shirye-shiryen ita ce China, ƙasar da ta ɗan lokaci ta zama mai gwagwarmayar neman jagorancin tattalin arziƙin ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma don cimma wannan manufar, tana aiwatarwa jerin ayyuka da nufin rage karfi da tasirin dala a cikin ma'amalar tattalin arzikin duniya.

Don haka, kwanan nan, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta kaddamar a ranar 26 ga Maris, kwangilar nan gaba mai dauke da yuan, domin wannan yunƙurin ya zama farkon ƙarshen don cinikin dala. Za a iya fahimtar abubuwan da ke motsa wannan sabon aiwatarwa ta Beijing ta fuskoki daban-daban.

Da farko dai, abin da aka riga aka ɗauka a matsayin gaskiya shine Kasar Sin na son samun karin haske game da shawarar kasashen duniya, Sabili da haka, kasancewa direba na sabon tsarin kuɗi babbar hanya ce don samun daraja da martaba a duk duniya, amanar da a halin yanzu aka fi sanya ta a Amurka.

Hakanan, na biyu, ya kamata a ambata cewa alakar siyasa da diflomasiyya da gwamnatin Donald Trump ke kullawa da sauran kasashen duniya ba ta da lumana, kasancewar China daya daga cikin manyan ayyukanta na kai hari kan asarar tattalin arziki da kasuwanci abin da kasarku ta yi tare da wasu ƙasashe.

Saboda haka, dabi'a ce cewa gwamnatin China tana son hanzarta hanzarta shirinta na ficewa daga tsarin kula da harkokin kudi wanda Washington yana da, kuma an sami mafita ga wannan mawuyacin halin a cikin raunin dala daga sabon kuɗin kuɗaɗe. A ƙarƙashin wannan mahallin ne ƙirƙirar petroyuan ke faruwa.

Shin petroyuan zai iya yin nasara?

Yanayin kasa da kasa wanda aka kirkiro da man fetur shine kyakkyawan yanayi don inganta manufofi kan hare-hare da tashe tashen hankula da gwamnatin Donald Trump ta kaddamar akan kasashe da dama a duniya, aikin da ya sanya shi karbuwa sosai kuma a lokaci guda lokaci Ya ƙwace mahimman abokan haɗin gwiwa waɗanda a baya sun kasance babbar kafa don mulkin Amurka. Koyaya, saboda waɗannan halayen ne petroyuan ya sami yanayi mai dacewa don isa kasuwanni, aƙalla gwargwadon damar siyasar wannan lokacin.

Koyaya, a gefe guda, a fannin hada-hadar kuɗi, ya bayyana a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan cewa mamayar dala ta kafu sosai a cikin duniyar yau ta yadda ba zai zama aiki mai sauƙi ga kuɗin da ke samun tallafin mai na China ba. a kasuwannin duniya, waɗanda ke da nauyin nauyi kewaye da dollar amincewa.

Duk da haka wannan yunƙurin farko na cire kuɗin Amurka a cikin kuɗin mai na duniya Tana wakiltar mataki na farko wajen rage ƙarfin da wannan kuɗin yake da shi, kuma wannan shine dalilin da ya sa yake da dacewa don kafa sabon tsarin tattalin arziki, ga duk abin da yake wakilta da kuma nunawa a lokaci guda.

Shin dala zata sake komawa matsayin gwal?

A wani lokaci a lokacin shugabancin Trump, yiwuwar hakan tsarin kudi na Amurka zai sake dawo da matsayin gwal kamar yadda yake tallafawa kudin ta. Koyaya, shawarwarin ba su sami koma baya mafi girma ba saboda yadda zai kasance mai rikitarwa ga tattalin arzikin da a halin yanzu ke biyan bashin jama'a na sama da dala tiriliyan 14, don tallafawa duk adadin dala a cikin zinare, wanda bisa ga bayanan da wasu masana tattalin arziki suka bayar bisa yarjejeniya da adadin wannan karafan da asusun tarayya ke da shi, yana iya yiwuwa ta hanyar fasaha, tunda sun ambaci cewa don matsayin gwal da za a dauka a matsayin mai aiki a babban bankin Amurka, kawai ya zama dole ne su iya tallafawa 10% na duk daloli a wurare dabam dabam, wanda, a cewar waɗannan masanan, yana cikin yuwuwar halin yanzu na Fed.

Kamar yadda tattalin arzikin ƙasa yake a yau, yana da kyau a yi tunanin cewa yana buƙatar canje-canje da yawa na tsarin, amma muhimmin abu a nan shi ne cewa koyaushe ana la'akari da abin da aka ce canji dole ne koyaushe ya kasance don jin daɗin yawancin jama'ar duniya kuma ba yan kadan ba.