Bayyana abin da tattalin arziki ba shi da sauƙi. A zahiri, kodayake yana da ra'ayi, kalmar kanta wani abu ne mai girma kuma, ga mutane da yawa, yana da wuyar fahimta 100%, har ma ga masanan tattalin arziki.
Koyaya, idan kuna so koyaushe San menene tattalin arziki, menene maƙasudinta, waɗanne nau'ikan wanzu da sauran bangarorinta, to wannan tattarawar da muka shirya zata iya taimaka muku kwantar da hankalin da kuke ji game da batun.
Menene tattalin arziki
Abubuwan da suka shafi tattalin arziki suna da yawa. Waɗanda ke da sauƙin fahimta ba sosai ba. Idan muka je RAE muka nemi kalmar tattalin arziki, ma'anar da zata bamu shine:
"Kimiyyar da ke nazarin hanyoyin mafi inganci don biyan bukatun ɗan adam, ta hanyar amfani da ƙarancin kayayyaki."
Wannan ya riga ya fayyace batun kadan, amma gaskiyar ita ce cewa akwai maganganu da yawa game da tattalin arziki. Wasu daga cikin sanannu sune:
"Tattalin arziki shine nazarin bil'adama a cikin aikinsa na yau da kullun." A. Marshall.
"Tattalin arziki shi ne nazarin yadda al'ummomi ke amfani da karancin albarkatu don samar da kayayyaki masu mahimmanci da rarraba su tsakanin mutane daban-daban." P. Samuelson (wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel).
"Kimiyyar tattalin arziki ita ce nazarin ɗabi'ar ɗan adam a matsayin alaƙar da ke tsakanin ƙarshen da ma'ana waɗanda ba su da yawa kuma masu saukin amfani da wasu amfani." L. Robbins.
Wannan na ƙarshe shine ɗayan da akafi amfani dashi a cikin ilimin tattalin arziki.
A ƙarshe, zamu iya cewa tattalin arziki shine ladabtarwa da ke nazarin yadda ake sarrafa kayayyakin da mutane ke samu domin biyan buƙatu. A lokaci guda, shi ne kuma ke kula da nazarin halayya da ayyukan da mutane ke yi dangane da kaya.
Misali, tattalin arziki zai zama wannan karatun da ake gudanarwa a cikin al'umma don gano yadda aka tsara shi don biyan bukatun mutane, a cikin bukatun kayan masarufi da na rashin amfani, ma'amala da samarwa, rarrabawa, amfani kuma, don haka A karshe , musayar kayayyaki da aiyuka.
Halaye na tattalin arziki
Bayan ganin ma'anoni daban-daban na menene tattalin arzikin, menene zai iya bayyana muku shine duk suna da jerin halaye iri ɗaya. Wadannan su ne:
- Kula da tattalin arziki azaman ilimin zamantakewar al'umma. Wannan saboda, idan kun lura, duk suna magana ne game da nazarin halayyar mutum a matsayin al'umma.
- Yi nazarin albarkatun da ƙasa ke da su. Waɗannan ba su da yawa, kuma ya dogara da bukatun kowane ɗan adam, da kuma halayensu, ko an gama su ko an rarraba su kuma an ci su da kyau.
- Yi la'akari da shawarar kudi, musamman saboda tana yin nazarin yadda ɗan adam zaiyi yayin da aka sami karancin wani abin kirki ko sabis.
Daga ina ku ke
Yanzu da yake kuna da kyakkyawar fahimta game da menene tattalin arziki, ya kamata ku san menene asalin kalmar, kuma me yasa ta taso. Don yin wannan, dole ne mu koma ga tsohuwar wayewar kan da ta kasance a cikin Mesopotamia, Girka, Rome, Larabawa, China, Persian da wayewa.
Da gaske farkon wadanda suka fara amfani da kalmar "tattalin arziki" sune Helenawa, wanda yayi amfani da shi don komawa ga kula da gida. A wannan lokacin, masana falsafa kamar Plato ko Aristotle sun kirkiro ma'anonin farko na tattalin arziki yayin da, da shigewar lokaci, wannan ra'ayi ya kammala. A tsakiyar zamanai, alal misali, akwai sunaye da yawa da suka ba da gudummawa ga iliminsu da yadda suke ganin wannan kimiyya, kamar su Saint Thomas Aquinas, Ibn Khaldun, da sauransu.
Amma, hakika, tattalin arziki azaman kimiyya bai fito fili ba sai a karni na XNUMX. A wancan lokacin Adam Smith shine "mai laifi" na tattalin arzikin da ake la'akari da shi a lokacin da yake wallafa littafinsa, "The Wealth of Nations." A zahiri, masana da yawa sun bayyana cewa buga wannan shine asalin tattalin arziki a matsayin kimiyya mai zaman kanta, ba ta da alaƙa da falsafar kanta.
Wannan ma'anar tattalin arziki sananne ne a yau azaman tattalin arziki na yau da kullun, kuma saboda saboda yanzu akwai hanyoyin tattalin arziki da yawa.
Ire-iren tattalin arziki
A cikin tattalin arziki, ana iya rarrabe bangarori daban-daban, misali, gwargwadon hanyoyin, gwargwadon yankin karatu, hanyoyin ilimin falsafa, da dai sauransu. Gabaɗaya, a cikin menene tattalin arzikin da kuke samu:
- Tsarin tattalin arziki da na Macroeconomics. Su ne mafi kyawun sanannun ra'ayoyi kuma suna magana ne akan ayyukan da mutane, kamfanoni da gwamnatoci ke aiwatarwa don biyan buƙatu da magance ƙarancin kayayyaki (microeconomics), ko nazarin tsarin ƙasa da ayyukan kasuwanci, halaye da bayanan duniya na duka saiti (macroeconomics).
- Mahimmanci da ilimin tattalin arziki. Wani babban rukuni kuma shine wanda ya ƙunshi tattalin arziƙin ƙirar ƙirar ƙira (msar tambayar) da kuma wacce ta ginu akan "haƙiƙanin gaskiya" kuma ta ƙaryata ra'ayoyin magabata (mai fa'ida).
- Na al'ada da tabbatacce. Wannan bambancin ya dogara ne akan komai akan kasancewar tattalin arziki. Yayin da na farko ya bi wasu ƙa'idodi waɗanda ke nuna tattalin arziki, a karo na biyu abin da yake yi shi ne amfani da sauya ra'ayi yayin da al'umma da mutane ke canzawa.
- Orthodox da kuma bambancin ra'ayi. Akwai bambanci a matakin ilimi. Na farko yana nufin dangantaka tsakanin hankali, mutum, da daidaituwar da ke tsakanin su; yayin da na biyun ya gaya mana game da igiyoyin ruwa waɗanda suka ɗora tushen karatunsu kan cibiyoyi, tarihi da tsarin zamantakewar da ya taso a cikin al’umma.
- Na gargajiya, na tsakiya, kasuwa ko tattalin arziki. Ga mutane da yawa, wannan shine mafi kyawun tsarin tattalin arziki, kuma ya dogara da nau'ikan nau'ikan abubuwa huɗu, kasancewar:
- Na gargajiya: shi ne mafi mahimmanci, kuma yana nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutane da kayayyaki da aiyuka.
- Tsakaitawa: saboda haka ana kiranta saboda wani yanki (Gwamnati) ke riƙe da iko kuma shine ke sarrafa duk ayyukan tattalin arziƙin da ake aiwatarwa.
- Kasuwa: ba ta da iko daga Gwamnati amma ana sarrafa ta bisa wadata da buƙatar kaya da sabis.
- Mixed: yana haɗuwa da abubuwa biyu na sama, waɗanda aka tsara (ko tsakiya) da kasuwa. A wannan yanayin, ɓangare ne na sarrafawa da ƙa'idar gwamnati.
Shin ya bayyana muku menene tattalin arziki?