Idan akwai ma'anar da ba a sani ba ga masu amfani, to babu shakka abin da ke da nasaba da lafe. Zuwa ga cewa yana da matukar sarkakiya fahimta tunda aikace-aikacen sa basu cika cunkushe ba kuma wannan yana nufin cewa ba bakin masana tattalin arziki bane. To, hanyar laffer tana nufin alaƙar da ke tsakanin kuɗin shiga da ƙimar haraji. Don haka menene ake amfani da wannan ma'aunin tattalin arzikin? Da kyau, don wani abu mai mahimmanci kamar tattara haraji ya samo asali ta hanyar sauya ƙimar haraji. Don haka ta wannan hanyar, masana tattalin arziki zasu iya samar da manufofin kasafin kudi daidai kuma a cikin ma'ana daidaita.
Dole ne ku sani cewa wannan masanin ya yada ta masanin tattalin arziki Arthur Laffer, saboda haka yana da wannan sunan wanda zai iya ba mutane da yawa mamaki. Kodayake tuni a lokacin fifikon al'adun Larabawa, an kafa harsashin wannan samfurin don ƙididdigar ƙoƙarin kasafin kuɗi. Saboda haka, ba a zamani ra'ayi, kamar yadda wasu gabobin ra'ayoyi suka yi imanin cewa suna da haraji azaman horo na farko. Wani abin kuma daban shi ne cewa ba ya yadu sosai a wannan lokacin. Domin a zahiri, ba haka bane.
Hanyar juzu'i ta bayyana a cikin manufofin da aka haɓaka a duniya a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. A wannan ma'anar, a cikin 80s, Shugaba Ronald Reagan yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka dace waɗanda ke aiwatar da su don haɓaka manufofin kuɗi a cikin shirin gwamnatinsa. A gefe guda, shaidun kuma sun nuna cewa shugaban Amurka na yanzu, Donald trump, Ya zaɓi wannan dabarar don aiwatar da dabarun haraji. Kamar yadda kake gani, kwatarniyar laffer tana da wata mahimmanci a cikin tattalin arziƙin ƙasa.
Hanyar laffer da aka danganta da samun kudin shiga
Idan wani abu da abin da aka ambata a baya Laffer ya nuna shine, ana iya ƙara haraji don rage samun kuɗi maimakon ƙaruwa da shi. Abin da Art Laffer ya kawo a teburin tare da waɗancan raƙuman shine cewa idan kuna son ƙarin kuɗin shiga ya fi kyau ƙananan haraji don bunkasa ci gaban tattalin arziki da ayyukan tattalin arziki. Muhawara ce da da yawa daga cikin shugabannin duniya suka yi. Daga Mariano Rajoy zuwa Donald Trump kuma tare da kusan babu wasu banda. Ba wai kawai a cikin waɗannan lokacin ba, amma ta cikin shekarun da suka gabata kamar yadda aka gani ta hanyar nazarin tarihi.
A gefe guda kuma, tun zuwansa karagar mulki a Amurka, kungiyar tattalin arziki ta Shugaba Ronald Reagan ta zo ga matsayar cewa shawarar rage haraji zuwa kara bunkasa tattalin arziki ya zama tabbatacce a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙa'idar tattalin arziƙin Jam'iyyar Republican. Zuwa ga cewa yana da ƙimar da wasu 'yan siyasa da jam'iyyun siyasa ke ɗauka a halin yanzu. Dangane da wannan, dole ne a tuna cewa rage harajin Reagan ya haɓaka gibin, yana taimakawa haɓaka ƙimar riba zuwa 20%, wanda hakan ya taimaka ga koma bayan tattalin arzikin da ya biyo baya.
Ta yaya kwana yake ci gaba?
Bayan ɗan fahimtar ilimin falsafa a kan abin da Laffer lanƙwasa yake, lokaci ya yi da za a nuna yadda yake bunkasa. Kuma wannan ya ɗan fi rikitarwa don ganin gani tunda yana buƙatar ƙarin koyo akan ɓangaren masu amfani. A wannan ma'anar, ƙirar Laffer yana da siffar U mai juyawa, inda lokacin da ƙimar ta kasance 0 tarin zai zama sifili, kuma a ɗaya hannun lokacin da ƙimar ta kasance 100%, tarin ma ba komai kamar yadda yake da matuƙar yawa.
Wani bayani don fahimtar waɗannan zane-zane masu rikitarwa dole ne a tuna cewa waɗannan matattun hanyoyin da muka nuna suna da ma'ana a fahimta daga yanzu. Tunda idan ƙimar haraji 0% tarin zai zama mara amfani. Watau, Jiha ba za ta sami komai ba saboda kuɗin da ma'aikata da kamfanoni suka samu. Yayin da akasin haka, idan adadin harajin ya kasance 100%, ko menene iri ɗaya, mafi yawa, za a fassara shi cewa Jiha za ta karɓi duk haƙƙin mutane da duk ribar kamfanonin. Menene ma'anar wannan? Da kyau, wani abu mai sauƙin fahimta kamar cewa babu wasu ƙwarin gwiwa don aiki, kuma saboda haka na iya zama mai cutar tattalin arzikin gaba ɗaya.
Bayyanar da waɗannan masu lankwasa
Tabbas, hanyoyin da suka fara daga tunanin wannan masanin tattalin arzikin kasa da kasa na iya tsinkayar da ra'ayoyi da yawa wadanda zasu iya isa har zuwa fannin tattalin arzikin macroeconomics Saboda a zahiri, idan fassarar da za a iya samu daga nazarin waɗannan ƙananan raƙuman ruwa yana da alaƙa da wani abu, saboda idan yawan haraji ya yi yawa sosai, yana iya zama alama mai ƙarfi a kan rashin dalili domin jama'a su nemi aiki. Dalilin shi ne saboda wani ɓangare na albashinsa yana zuwa harajin da ba a so. Da wannnan ya fi dacewa da ƙarancin sauran albarkatu, kamar zaɓi tarin taimako ko tallafi don rashin aikin yi.
Daga wannan yanayin gabaɗaya, ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba daga yanzu cewa masu lankwasa suna haskaka yanayin manufofin kudi na kasa. Zuwa yanke shawara ko ya fadada ko akasin haka, yana zaɓar wani ƙirar mai ƙarancin tsari. Inda akwai masu bin waɗannan samfuran guda biyu, suna kawo haraji ta citizensan ƙasa, kamar yadda yake faruwa a halin yanzu a cikin babban ɓangaren ƙasashen duniya. Wadanda suke karewa, kamar yadda yake a yanayin matsayi na sassaucin ra'ayi, rage haraji don habaka tattalin arziki. Ko kuma masu kare matsayi mafi karko waɗanda ke nuni da ƙaruwa daidai da na dabara don samun ƙarin kuɗi don kashe kuɗin jama'a da taimakon zamantakewar.
Manufofin kudi a matsayin makamin siyasa
Shakka babu haraji ya zama kayan siyasa a hankula daga bangarorin don neman kuri'ar jama'a. A cikin wannan ma'anar, abin da ake kira Laffer curve yana da ƙarfi don ƙayyade wanene damar haraji na kudaden. Ba abin mamaki bane, a cikin jadawalinsa ana iya gano matsayin haraji da ƙasa ko yanki na tattalin arziki ke da shi tare da matsala mara kyau. Tabbas, tare da mafi girman hankali fiye da wasu dabarun ko wasu hanyoyin fassara. Tabbas ɗayan fa'idodi ne wannan samfurin bincike zai iya samar maka.
A wata hanyar, akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa game da wannan kwalliyar da ke bayyana dalilin da ya sa kamfanoni ke biyan haraji ƙasa da na masu matsakaitan matsayi. Ya fi kowane fassarar da za a iya zana daga wannan samfurin kwatanci daga hangen nesa na siyasa. Hakanan fahimtar sauran yanayin da za a iya haɓaka a cikin kula da haraji. Kuma cewa a kowane yanayi yana shafar dukkan citizensan ƙasa, ta wata hanyar ko wata kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama. Saboda ba za a iya mantawa da cewa ana iya ba da fassarori da yawa ga abin da wannan lankwasa ta musamman da muke magana a kanta a wannan labarin ke faɗi.
Jigon ci gabanta
A kowane hali, akwai wani abu guda daya da ya bayyana a fili ga dukkan manazarta da masana tattalin arziki. Kuma yana da nasaba da gaskiyar cewa mahaliccinta ya kiyasta cewa yakamata a sami wuri mafi kyau inda Jiha ta tattara mafi yawansu yayin caji mafi ƙarancin yiwuwar: tara haraji yana ƙaruwa da tarin Jiha. Amma menene ainihin matsalar da wannan yanayin ke haifar? To saboda yana da kyau kashe ayyukan tattalin arziki. Zuwa ga ana iya tunanin cewa gaskiyar rage haraji zai kara tarin saboda za a samu karin mutane da ke son yin aiki da saka jari. A wannan ma'anar, yana iya zama mai fa'ida don haɓaka ayyukan tattalin arziki daga farko.
A gefe guda, ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba a kowane lokaci cewa ƙwanƙolin Laffer wakilci ne na hoto na yadda bambancin kuɗin haraji (10%, 40%, 50%, ...) na iya shafar jimlar tarin haraji na haraji. Yana da matukar amfani ga kowane irin ma'auni daga masana tattalin arziki waɗanda zasu iya kaiwa ga ainihin matsala ko maganin manufofin kasafin kuɗi da gwamnatoci ke amfani da su. Misali, gaskiyar cewa karin haraji zai iza wutar bakar tattalin arziki da zamba. Duk da yake akasin haka, yana da kyau a faɗi tasirin bambancin haraji akan kuɗin shigar jari (ribar da aka samu ta hanyar saka hannun jari a kasuwar hannun jari, ajiyar kuɗi ko ma da ƙasa) na babban adalci.
A kowane hali, kuma ta hanyar ƙarshe, ana iya cewa ta hanyar waɗannan jadawalin da aka haɗa masu lankwasa, ƙimar haraji ba dole ba ne ya ƙara tarin ko dai, tunda ba lallai ne ya haɓaka aiki ko ƙarfafa ci ba. A wannan ma'anar, komai zai dogara ne da rakiyar sauran matakan tattalin arziki.