Keynesianism

Keynesianism, wanda aka fi sani da Keynesian economics, ko yanayin Keynesian, yana ma'amala da ka'idar tattalin arziki wanda masanin tattalin arziki John Maynard Keynes ya faɗi, saboda haka sunan ta.

Amma, Menene Keynesianism? Menene samfurinku yake nuni kuma menene ra'ayin masanin tattalin arziki game da tattalin arziki? Wannan shine abin da zamu tattauna a gaba.

Wanene John Maynard Keynes?

John Maynard Keynes Ya kasance daya daga cikin mahimman masana tattalin arziki a duniya. An haife shi a Cambridge a cikin 1883, kuma ya mutu a 1946 a Sussex, yana ɗaya daga cikin masanan tattalin arziƙin Birtaniyya a karni na ashirin, don haka ra'ayoyinsa da hanyar tunaninsa suka yi tasiri (kuma har yanzu suke yi) a kan manufofin tattalin arziki da manufofin.

Aikinsa na farko, a matsayinsa na ma'aikacin farar hula na Gidajen Gida, ya dauke shi zuwa Indiya, inda ya sami damar koyon zurfin yadda tsarin kudin Indiya yake. Koyaya, bai tsaya anan ba. Gajiya da aikinsa, ya yanke shawarar barin aikin ya koma Jami'ar Cambridge ya zama farfesa, wani abu da ya aiwatar a rayuwarsa.

Duk da wannan, ya yi aiki tare, a matsayin mai ba da shawara, a Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Biritaniya, yana tsara kwangilar bashi tsakanin Kingdomasar Ingila da sauran ƙasashe da ke kawance da shi (lokacin yaƙi). Ya kuma kasance memba na kwamitocin darektoci daban-daban na kamfanonin inshora da kamfanonin hada-hadar kudi, har ma ya jagoranci wani mako-mako na tattalin arziki.

Don haka, ana iya ganin cewa wannan halin ba wai kawai ya ba da babbar gudummawa ba ne ga tattalin arziƙi, har ma ya shiga siyasa, kodayake daga matsayi na biyu ko na uku, ya yi tasiri a rayuwarsa.

Menene Keynesianism

Keynesianism, wanda aka fi sani da ka'idar Keynes ko ƙirar sa, a zahiri shine ka'idar tattalin arziki dangane da tsoma bakin jihar. Don yin wannan, dole ne ya rinjayi manufofin tattalin arziki don sake kunnawa buƙata da kuma taimakawa amfani don ƙarfafawa.

A takaice dai, abin da marubucin ya yi niyya shi ne ita kanta Jiha da ta saka hannun jari a cikin ciyarwa, ta yadda za ta inganta citizensan ƙasa waɗanda, saboda suna da kuɗin kashewa, za su yi haka, don haka ke sarrafa sake farfado da tattalin arzikin ƙasa gaba ɗaya. Saboda wannan, yana daga cikin ra'ayoyin da cewa, a lokacin rikici, yawanci yakan zama bakin kowa.

Keynesianism an haife shi a ƙarshen karni na 1936; kuma ya yi hakan ne da nufin fitar da kasar daga cikin mawuyacin hali. An buga shi a cikin Babban Ka'idar Aiki, Sha'awa, da Kudi a cikin XNUMX, bayan Babban Tashin Hankali.

Ta yaya yakamata a Fahimci Ka'idar Keynesian

Ka yi tunanin cewa kana da ƙasa a cikin rikici. A ka’ida, abin da Jiha ke tunani shi ne ta kara haraji don tara karin kudi don kar ta shiga bashi. Amma yana da mafi kyau? Idan kayi haka, abin da zaka yi shine mutane sun fi talauci, kamfanonin sun fi nutsuwa kuma da yawa sun ƙare. A takaice, kuna talauta kasar ne don samun kudi ga Jiha (wanda a karshe ba zai shafi rayuwar 'yan kasa ba).

Maimakon haka, Keynesianism ya dogara ne akan wata hanyar magance matsalar. Tabbas, muna magana ne a cikin gajeren lokaci saboda, idan aka yi shi cikin dogon lokaci akwai babban haɗarin sanya rikicin ya fi girma.

Me Keynes ya ce? Ya tabbatar da cewa, a lokacin rikici, Jihohi dole ne su kara kashe kudaden jama'a, ko dai ta hanyar Gross Domestic Product (GDP), ta hanyar bayar da bashin kasashen waje ... (amma ba ta hanyar kara haraji ko rage albashi., Ba ya shafi 'yan kasa). Wannan ya yi aiki ne don Jihar tana da kuɗi waɗanda dole ne a saka su, misali a cikin ayyukan jama'a, da nufin cewa ana biyan wannan kuɗin da yake da shi ga kamfanonin da aka ba su ayyukan.

Amma waɗannan kamfanonin ba sa riƙe duk kuɗin, suna biyan ma'aikatansu, masu kawo su, da dai sauransu. Waɗannan ma'aikata sun riga sun sami kuɗi, sabili da haka suna iya kashewa a cikin wasu kamfanoni. Ta wannan hanyar, waɗannan sauran kamfanonin suna buƙatar ma'aikata don biyan buƙatu, samfura don siyarwa, da dai sauransu. kuma, ta wannan hanyar, an sake kunna tattalin arzikin, yana haifar da ƙarin haya, ƙarin buƙatun samfuran. A takaice dai, marasa aikin yi da injina sun daina zama marasa aiki kuma sun fara samar da abubuwa.

Yanzu, kamar yadda muka gaya muku a baya, wannan kawai yana da fa'idodi na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Kuma wannan shine, lokacin da kowane ɗayan waɗanda abin ya shafa suka ciyar, za su yi haka, amma ba duka ba, amma wani rabo. Matsalar ita ce, da kaɗan kaɗan, wannan ɓangaren kuɗin yana ƙara ƙasa da ƙarami.

Keynes ya yi imanin cewa ba za a iya magance rikice-rikicen ta hanyar biyan masu amfani ba, amma cewa Jiha ce ta shiga bashi don neman buƙata, kuma a wannan lokacin da ake ganin ci gaba, a sassauta wannan samfurin don kauce wa sakamako mafi girma (mafi girma rikici).

Halaye na Keynesianism

Don bayyana ka'idar Keynesian a bayyane a gare ku, manyan abubuwan da dole ku mallake su sune:

• Babban makamin yaki da rikici shine manufofin tattalin arziki. Wannan shine mabuɗin sake buɗe ƙasa, a cikin gajeren lokaci da cikin matsakaici da kuma dogon lokaci.
• Yana da matukar mahimmanci don haɓaka buƙatu, amma don yin hakan ta hanyar saka wannan kuɗin cikin albarkatu don kamfanoni, wanda hakan zai sanya wani ɓangare na wannan kuɗin a cikin wasu, ta yadda zaku samar da aiki da buƙata.
• Yana da mahimmanci cewa, tare da manufar tattalin arziki, ana aiwatar da manufofin kudi wanda ke daidaitawa da kuma daidaita tattalin arziki a lokaci guda.
• Ga Keynes, babban hatsarin da ke cikin kasa shi ne rashin aikin yi. Da yawan mutane sun tsaya, da yawa injina suka tsaya. Wannan yana nuna cewa an dakatar da kamfanoni sabili da haka, babu wanda ya sami kuɗi wanda zai iya kashewa da shi don tattalin arzikin ya ci gaba.

A ƙarshe, samfurin Keynesian ya ba mu hangen nesa game da yadda ƙaruwar kashe kuɗaɗen jama'a, ba tare da shafar aljihunan masu amfani ba, zai iya taimaka wa ƙasa ta fita daga cikin rikici cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Amma ba ita ce mafita ba da ya kamata ta tafiyar da tattalin arzikin wata kasa ba (saboda, a cikin dogon lokaci, zai kare da fashewa da haifar da wani mawuyacin rikici (kasar tana cikin bashi kuma tana rayuwa fiye da yadda yake iyawa).