FTSE 100 lissafi ne wanda ya kunshi manyan kamfanoni 100 (ta hanyar kasuwancin kasuwa) da aka jera a Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta London (LSE). Galibi ana kiransu kamfanoni na layin gaba, kuma ana ganin alamun a matsayin kyakkyawan alama na ayyukan manyan kamfanonin da aka lissafa a Burtaniya.
Me ake nufi da FTSE? Sunan FTSE 100 ya samo asali ne lokacin da ya mallaki 50% na Financial Times da London Stock Exchange (LSE), saboda haka FT da SE suka zama FTSE. Hakanan yana nufin haɗin kamfanin 100.
Sauran fihirisan FTSE. A kasuwar Burtaniya, sauran fihiris din na UK FTSE sun hada da FTSE 250 (manyan kamfanoni na gaba masu zuwa bayan 250 bayan FTSE 100) da kuma FTSE SmallCap (ƙananan kamfanoni fiye da waɗancan). FTSE 100 da FTSE 250 tare sun hada da FTSE 350 - kara FTSE SmallCap kuma zaka sami FTSE All-Share.
Tarihin FTSE 100
An ƙaddamar da FTSE 100 a ranar 3 ga Janairu, 1984 kuma yana da darajar farawa 1.000,00. Tun daga wannan lokacin, abubuwan da ke cikin bayanan sun canza kusan ba za a iya gane su ba, tare da haɗe-haɗe, saye-saye da ɓacewar kamfanoni, yana mai tabbatar da makasudin lissafin don ya zama barometer na kasuwancin. An canza kowane kwata don tabbatar da ci gaba da nuna manyan kamfanoni 100.
Yaya ake lissafta shi? An ƙididdige matakin na FTSE 100 ta amfani da jimlar kasuwancin kasuwar kamfanoni waɗanda suka haɗa shi (da ƙimar ƙididdigar) don samar da adadi kawai da aka nakalto.
Saboda yawan kuɗin kasuwancin ya shafi kowane kamfani na raba hannun jari, yayin da farashin hannun jari ke canzawa ko'ina cikin yini, don haka ƙimar masaniyar ta canza. Lokacin da FTSE 100 yayi "sama" ko "ƙasa," ana musanya musayar ne da ƙarshen ranar da ta gabata.
Adadin da kuke gani a labaran yamma shine ƙimar ƙarshe na FTSE 100 don wannan ranar. A zahiri, ana lissafin lissafin a kowane rana na mako (ban da hutun Burtaniya), daga 8:00 na safe (buɗe kasuwa) zuwa 16:30 na yamma (rufe kasuwar).
Yadda FTSE 100 Ya Shafe Ka
Matakin na FTSE 100 ya shafi yawancin mutane a Burtaniya, koda kuwa ba sa saka hannun jari kai tsaye don kansu - a matsayin masu riƙe da asusun fansho, waɗanda mai yuwuwar saka hannun jarin su a hannun jarin Burtaniya, aiwatar da bayanan kai tsaye yana shafar fa'idar zasu karba.
FTSE 100 shima kyakkyawan tunani ne game da al'amuran tattalin arziƙi da na duniya - sau da yawa zai faɗi don martani ga faɗuwar kasuwanni a duniya.
Yaya ake auna kamfanonin da ke cikin alamomin? Ana auna girman ta hanyar kasuwancin kasuwa (ko "kasuwancin kasuwa" kamar yadda masana'antu suka fi so su kira shi), wanda kalma ce mai kyau ga ainihin ainihin darajar kasuwar kamfani.
Ga waɗanda suke son cikakkun bayanai, ana samun hakan ta hanyar ninka farashin hannun jarin kamfanin na yanzu da yawan hannun jari a cikin fitowar ko "hannun jari da aka bayar" (lambar da aka sayar wa da masu hannun jari), kafin ninka wannan lambar ta kamfanin " free float factor "(abinda yake taso kan ruwa yana nuna yawan hannun jari da ake samu don cinikayya akan kasuwa). Wannan yana haifar da ƙimar da ke nuna yawan darajar kamfanin dangane da kasuwa.
Manyan 100, gami da wasu manyan kasashe da kuma kamfanonin Burtaniya, sannan an hada su a cikin FTSE 100 kuma an san su da kamfanonin "blue chip" (kamar a duniyar karta, inda "shuɗin guntu" yake wakiltar mafi girman ƙima). Blue kwakwalwan kwamfuta kamfanoni ne masu girma.
Menene ma'anarta yayin hawa ko ƙasa?
Za ku karanta ko jin "FTSE 100 ya buɗe maki 20 mafi girma a 7.301" ko "FTSE 100 ya faɗi da kashi 1,5% a ranar." Irin waɗannan maganganun galibi ana bin su da ambaton takamaiman haja ko masana'antar da ta haifar da riba ko asara.
Yayinda farashin hannayen jarin kamfani yake canzawa, hakanan kasuwancin sa na kasuwa, wanda ke nufin cewa jimlar jimillar zata canza cikin ƙima, yana hawa sama da ƙasa kamar yadda farashin hannun jarin kamfanoni yake yi. Yaya yawan abin da yake motsawa ya dogara da nauyin kamfanin a cikin layin.
Lokacin da ake kirga ma'aunin ta amfani da dabbobin kasuwa, lissafin yana "auna kasuwa", wanda ke nufin cewa kamfanoni a cikin FTSE 100 an auna su gwargwadon girman su. Sabili da haka, canje-canje a cikin farashin hannun jari na Rio Tinto (ɗayan manyan kamfanoni a cikin FTSE 100) zai sami babban tasiri akan ƙididdigar gaba ɗaya fiye da kamfani kamar Tesco, wanda kasuwancin kasuwancinsa (sabili da haka nauyi a cikin index) ya fi ƙanƙanta .
Don haka, idan akwai labari mai daɗi game da wani kamfani mai nauyi ko masana'antu (watakila farashin ƙarfe ya tashi sabili da haka kamfanoni masu hakar ma'adinai, gami da Rio Tinto, suna ganin farashin hannun jarinsu ya tashi), wannan zai yi tasiri a kan jimlar gabaɗaya. Irin wannan labaran da alama zai fitar da bayanan a sama muddin babu wani mummunan labari daga wani kamfani ko masana'antu don daidaita wannan ribar.
Don fayyace dalilin da ya sa aka tashi ko faduwar FTSE a wasu lokuta ana ambatonsa a cikin maki, asalinsa an fito da shi ne a 1984 kuma an ba shi ƙimar farawa mara izini na maki 1.000. A yau ya zama ƙasa da maki 7.500, wanda ke nufin cewa manyan kamfanoni 100 sun haɓaka kusan sau 7,5 a cikin shekaru 35 da suka gabata (ƙari ko ƙasa da haka).
Me ya hada duk wannan da ni?
Da kyau, idan kuna saka hannun jari a cikin asusu, manajan ku na iya amfani da wani abu kamar FTSE azaman tunani. A cikin asusun kashe kuɗi, manajan ya sayi abubuwan da aka jera a cikin layin kuma yana nufin ya dace da aikin wannan bayanin a gare ku. A cikin asusu mai aiki, manajan yana amfani da fihirisa azaman jagora ga abin da zai saya kuma yana da niyyar haɓaka wannan bayanin. Wannan yana ba ka damar kimanta aikin asusunka idan aka kwatanta da abin da zai samu idan ka saka hannun jari a cikin bayanan.
Bugu da ƙari, a matsayin ku na mai asusun ba da fansho na Burtaniya, wasu daga cikin jarin ku na fansho suma ana iya saka hannun jari a hannun jarin Burtaniya da aka jera a kan alamun FTSE. Don haka aikin lamuran zai yi tasiri a kan saka hannun jari, kamar yadda zai yi idan an saka hannun jari a cikin hannun jari na Isa da hannun jari.
Hakanan ana ɗaukar FTSE 100 a matsayin kyakkyawan alama na lafiyar Burtaniya da tattalin arziƙin ƙasa (saboda ya ƙunshi kamfanonin gida da na duniya). Sau da yawa yakan motsa don amsawa ga al'amuran siyasa ko tattalin arziki a duk duniya yayin da mutane ke ƙara ƙarfi ko ƙasa da ƙasa (sabili da haka suke son saka hannun jari ko nutsewa) dangane da irin waɗannan labarai. Zai iya ba da kyakkyawar fahimtar yadda masu saka jari gabaɗaya ke ji, walau fata ko damuwa, wanda hakan zai iya sanar da shawararku game da saka hannun jari ko a'a, da kuma inda za a saka ko karɓar kuɗin ku.
Don haka yayin da FTSE 100 bazai sanya zuciyar ku ta tsere kamar kulawa mai kyau daga ɗayan gefen teburin ba, fahimtar dalilin sa zai taimaka muku wajan zirga-zirgar kasuwannin kuɗi da kyau (da yawa fiye da ƙaramar maɓalli mai yuwuwa). ɓata hanya).
Duk da yake FTSE 100 sanannen sanannen fihirisa ne, musamman a Burtaniya, akwai wasu mahimman bayanai masu yawa. Misali, akwai kuma FTSE 250 (manyan kamfanoni na gaba masu zuwa 250, galibi sun fi karkata ga kasuwar cikin gida fiye da FTSE 100) da kuma FTSE 350 (wanda shine jimillar FTSE 100 da FTSE 250). Sauran kamfanoni suma suna gudanar da bayanan su, irin su Standard & Poor's, wanda ke tafiyar da S&P 500 Index (manyan kamfanoni 500 da aka lissafa a kasuwar musayar jari ta New York).
Koyaya, ƙididdigar ba jerin sunayen kamfanoni bane kawai. Kafaffen kayan aikin samun kudin shiga (shaidu, alal misali) suna da alkaluman kansu; Bloomberg Barclays Global Aggregate Index misali daya ne. Wannan ya kunshi adadi mai yawa na tsararru amintattun hanyoyin samun kudin shiga gami da jarin gwamnati da kamfanoni, daga kasuwannin ci gaba da masu tasowa a duk duniya. A halin yanzu, Bloomberg Commodity Index ya ƙunshi jerin kayayyaki waɗanda suka haɗa da mai, masara, zinariya, da tagulla.
Rukunin FTSE (wanda ake kira da 'footsie' ba bisa ka'ida ba) haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin London Financial Times da London Stock Exchange. Takaddun kalmomin FTSE na nufin Financial Times da Stock Exchange kuma alamun kungiyar sun hada da manyan kamfanonin Burtaniya wadanda aka lissafa a Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta London.
An kirkiro FTSE 100 ne a watan Janairun 1984 tare da matakin asali na 1.000 kuma tun daga lokacin ya tsallaka zuwa matakin sama da 7.000, ya zuwa watan Maris na 2018. Bayan an dawo daga raunin da aka samu yayin rikicin bashin mai mulkin Turai na ƙarshen 2010 da farkon 2011 , layin karshe ya zarce wanda yakai na kowane 6.950 wanda aka kai a watan Disambar 1999 a lokacin tsayin intanet.
Yawancin masu saka hannun jari na duniya suna kallon alamun FTSE, da FTSE 100 musamman, a matsayin mai nuna alamun kasuwar Burtaniya gaba ɗaya, kwatankwacin yadda masu saka hannun jari na Amurka ke kallon ƙididdigar Dow Jones ko S&P 500.
Shahararren sanannen fihirisa wanda Fungiyar FTSE ke kula da shi shine FTSE 100, wanda ya ƙunshi kamfanoni 100 da suka fi dacewa a cikin Burtaniya waɗanda aka jera akan LSE. Kari akan haka, Kungiyar FTSE tana kula da wasu fihirisan tun daga FTSE All-Share zuwa abubuwan da ake kira da'a irin na FTSE4Good Global index wanda ke mai da hankali kan nauyin kamfani.
Shahararrun fihirisa na FTSE Group sun hada da FTSE 100, FTSE 250, FTSE 350 da FTSE All-Share. Waɗannan fihirisa za a iya ragargaza su cikin manyan ayyuka, ƙaramin aiki, da kuma ƙididdigar tsohon IT wanda aka lissafa a ƙarshen rana. Misali, FTSE Group Ethical Indices, wanda aka fi sani da FTSE4Good, suna bin kasuwannin duniya, Turai, Burtaniya, Amurka da sauran kasuwanni.
Wasu kamfanonin da aka sani waɗanda ke kasuwanci akan FTSE 100 sun haɗa da:
BP plc samfurin lokaci na samo asali, BP.
BHP Billiton plc samfurin lokaci na samo asali, BBL.
Randgold Resources Ltd. (NASDAQ: GOLD)
Rio Tinto plc samfurin lokaci na samo asali, RIO.
GlaxoSmithKline plc samfurin lokaci na samo asali, GSK.
Ana iya samun cikakken lissafin fihirisa da farashin su akan gidan yanar gizon FTSE Group.
Yadda ake saka hannun jari a cikin FTSE 100
Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don masu saka hannun jari na duniya don bijirar da kansu ga FTSE 100 da sauran alamun FTSE Group. Kudaden da aka yi musayar su (ETFs) suna ba da hanya mai sauƙi ga masu saka hannun jari don bijirar da kansu, amma babu ɗayan FTSE 100 ETFs da aka jera a kan musayar Amurka. Takaddun Bayanai na Amurka (ADRs) ana samun su don wasu abubuwan haɗin abubuwan waɗannan ƙididdigar.
Wasu sanannen TSungiyar ETF sun haɗa da:
iShares FTSE 100 (LSE: ISF)
HSBC FTSE 100 ETF (EPA: UKX) farashi na tarihi
DBX FTSE 100 (LSE: XUKX)
Kudin hannun jari Lyxor FTSE 100 ETF
Kudin hannun jari UBS FTSE 100 ETF
Masu saka jari koyaushe yakamata su sanya rarar kuɗaɗe yayin tunanin saka hannun jari a cikin ETFs na ƙasa, saboda zasu iya samun dawowar lokaci mai tsawo. Har ila yau, yana da kyau a duba jadawalin asusun don ganin masana'antu ko haɗarin haɗarin ɓangare. Misali, Burtaniya tana da yawan kamfanonin ba da sabis na kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe.
Baya ga ADRs guda biyar da aka ambata a sama, sauran shahararrun ADRs sun haɗa da:
Voungiyar Vodafone (NASDAQ: VOD)
Barclays plc samfurin lokaci na samo asali, BCS.
Kamfanin Unilever plc (NYSE: UL)
Hanyoyin HSBC (NYSE: HBC)
Hanyoyin ciniki na ARMH hannun jari na ARM Holdings, Inc.
Masu saka jari su lura cewa ADRs bazai zama mai ruwa kamar sigar hannun jari da aka jera akan Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta London ba. Bugu da kari, yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa wadannan kamfanonin na iya ba da rahoto ga Hukumar Tsaro da Canjin Amurka (SEC), wanda zai iya sa ya zama da wahala a gudanar da aikin da ya dace.
Madadin zuwa fihirisar FTSE
Masu saka hannun jari na ƙasashen duniya waɗanda ke neman ɗaukar hoto a cikin Burtaniya suna da wasu zaɓuɓɓuka kuma. Baya ga alamun FTSE na Rukuni, akwai wasu ETF da yawa waɗanda ke ba da ishara ga yankin. Icesididdigar da ke bayan waɗannan ETF ɗin sun haɗa da MSCI, BLDRS, STOXX, da HOLDRS a tsakanin wasu, kowannensu yana ba da mahangar sa ta musamman game da rarraba fayil.
Wasu ETFs masu mayar da hankali ga Burtaniya sun haɗa da:
Asusun Asusun MSCI na United Kingdom (NYSE: EWU)
BLDRS Turai 100 ADR Index Asusun (NYSE: ADRU)
STOXX Turai Zaɓi Asusun Rarraba Rarraba (NYSE: FDD)
SPDR DJ STOXX 50 ETF samfurin lokaci na samo asali, FEU.
BLDRS Index 100 ADR na Ci gaban Kasuwa (NYSE: ADRD)
Masu saka jari su lura cewa wasu daga cikin waɗannan ETF ɗin suna da tasiri sosai fiye da Burtaniya kawai. Misali, suna iya samun gagarumin tasiri ga hannun jari na Turai, wanda zai iya gabatar da wasu haɗari.
Faduwar kasuwar hannayen jari, to. Gabatarwa mai ban tsoro ga wane alƙawarin zama lokacin bala'i ga tattalin arzikin duniya? Ko wata dama mai kyau ga masu son saka jari su sami miliyan?
Kadan daga duka biyun, ya zama mai adalci. Gyara kasuwa yana nuna mamakin kuɗaɗen shigar da kamfanoni da yawa zasu fuskanta a cikin gajeren lokaci. Hakanan yana ba da damar miliyoyin attajirai masu haɓaka damar haɓaka adadin abin da suka samu na saka hannun jari.
Mabudin samun arziki shine siyan hannayen jari, ba tare da tunanin yadda zasuyi ba mako mai zuwa, wata mai zuwa, ko kuma shekara mai zuwa. Masu saka jari na hankali suna siyan kamfanonin da wataƙila zasu sami nasara cikin shekaru 10 (ko sama da haka). Kuma akwai tan na manyan hannun jari FTSE 100 kamar wannan waɗanda aka ɗauka a cikin babbar haɗuwar kasuwa. Wannan yana samar da haske ga masu saka hannun jari idanun mikiya tare da dama don cinikin ciniki ko biyu.
Miloniya?
Persimmon (LSE: PSN) ɗayan mafi kyawun hannun jari ne na Footsie wanda nake tsammanin zai iya zama miloniya shekaru masu zuwa. Farashin hannayen jari na masu ginin gida sun faɗi a cikin 'yan watannin nan kamar yadda yanayin tattalin arziki ke taɓarɓarewa, haɗe da tuna abubuwan da yawa na kayan lamuni na masu ba da bashi, sun nuna damuwa game da yiwuwar rushewar gidaje.
Bayan raunin farashin kwanan nan, Persimmon yana kasuwanci akan farashin / ribar kuɗi (P / E) na kusan sau 12. Karatu ne wanda yake nuni da cewa kasuwancin yana cinikin ne, to. Na fi sha'awar ribar kashi 5% wanda kamfanin FTSE 100 ke ɗauka don 2020, kodayake. Babban dawowa kamar wannan na iya zama da ƙima wajen taimaka mawadata masu son cimma burin su na saka hannun jari. Kari akan haka, Kungiyar FTSE tana kula da wasu fihirisan tun daga FTSE All-Share zuwa abubuwan da ake kira da'a irin na FTSE4Good Global index wanda ke mai da hankali kan nauyin kamfani. A halin yanzu, Bloomberg Commodity Index ya ƙunshi jerin kayayyaki waɗanda suka haɗa da mai, masara, zinariya, da tagulla.