Esigabeni esingokomlando esasaziwa ngeNkathi Ephakathi, abaphathi benhlangano babejwayele ukuqasha abantu abazosebenza ezindaweni zabo zokucobelelana ngolwazi. Lokhu kwaziwa ngolimi lwesiFulentshi njengoJorurée, kususelwa kuleli gama lesiFulentshi lapho amagama amanje etholakala abasebenza imini nobusuku, okungashiwo ngamagama alula ukuthi yilabo bantu abasebenzela umholo wosuku.
Uyini umholo?
Igama umholo Kungazwakala njengomholo otholwa isisebenzi ngokushintshanisa usuku lomsebenzi noma lomsebenzi; ngaphandle kwalokho futhi kungahunyushwa njengomsebenzi owenziwa yisisebenzisi usuku ngalunye.
Ngakho-ke, singakusho lokho umholo ungenye yamafomu akhona emiholweni yomsebenzi yomuntu oqashiwe, kepha, leli gama selishiyelwe indawo yalo ngeminye imigomo yokusetshenziswa okuvame kakhulu njenge: umholo, umholo, isinxephezelo, isibonelelo esikhokhelwe, isibonelelo, noma imali, phakathi kwabanye.
El umholo ukhulisa kakhulu ukuphazamiseka okuvezwa ngumholo, Njengoba incisha isisebenzi noma isiphi isisusa esimenza alwele ukuthuthukisa umsebenzi wakhe, futhi kudinga ukuqapha kwakhe, okumele kuqhubeke, ngakho-ke kuyabiza kakhulu futhi kuze kube nokuletha imiphumela embalwa kakhulu, bese kuthi lapho abasebenzi ukusebenza ngendlela efanayo, okusho ukuthi abaningana banemithwalo yemfanelo efanayo, umzamo uzolawulwa owabasebenzi abangakhuthele kangako emsebenzini wabo, lokhu kusho ubuvila, isimo sengqondo esibi, ikhwalithi engemihle, kwezinye izici; Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukukhokhelwa komsebenzi owenziwe kuzolingana kuwo wonke umuntu, ngakho-ke asikho isisusa sokwenza lo msebenzi ngendlela engcono, kepha ngokuya ngobuncane obudingekayo ukuthi imisebenzi enikezwe abasebenzi izokwenziwa. Kungenxa yalokhu okubizwa ngokuthi izingcezu (okuyimodi ekhona yokuqasha lapho isisebenzi sikhokhisa ngokuya ngomqondo womsebenzi owenziwayo, hhayi ngokususelwe esikhathini esichithwe), Kuyinto engena esikhundleni enenzuzo enkulu yosuku ezimweni eziningi.
Manje ake siqhubeke sichaze isisebenzi sosuku, elinye igama elingasetshenziswa njengegama elifanayo liyi-pawn, ngumuntu oqashiwe osebenza ngokushintshana nomholo noma yini efanayo, ukukhokhelwa kwesikhathi sosuku lomsebenzi; ibuye isetshenziswe kaningi njengegama elisetshenziswa kubasebenzi bezolimo abangenawo umhlaba.
Manje, ngokwandiswa kwalokho okushiwo yileli gama isisebenzi, Ingasetshenziswa futhi kubasebenzi endaweni yezolimo abangenawo umhlaba, okungukuthi, abasebenzi into okungeyabo. Lokho okushiwo yileli nani lesisebenzi sasemini kuphinde kuxhumane kakhulu nezindawo ezinkulu eziseningizimu yeSpain, ikakhulukazi lezo ze-Andalusia. Kwezinye izifunda ze-Andalusia, izisebenzi zasemini ezaqashwa ngenkathi yokuhlwanyela noma ye-gañanía zibizwa ngama-gañane.
Umholo kanye nomholo ophansi wokusebenzisana
Ngaphakathi kwendawo yaseSpain, umholo ophansi wokusebenzisana (SMI) Kungumholo omncane ngokusekelwa okungokomthetho isisebenzi esingakuqoqa, kungakhathalekile ukuthi umuntu uzinikele kangakanani emsebenzini wakhe. Le SMI ingavezwa ngezindlela ezahlukene, konke kuncike emayunithi emali; kungaba ngosuku, ngenyanga noma ngonyaka wokusebenza. Le SMI ikhishwa minyaka yonke kwi-BOE.
Ukuze kusungulwe umholo omncane ohambelana nonyaka ngamunye, I-Consumer Price Index (i-CPI) kufanele ibhekwe ngokuhlanganyela, nokuthi yini ehambelana nomkhiqizo omaphakathi kazwelonke, kanye nokwanda kokubamba iqhaza kwabasebenzi maqondana neholo likazwelonke futhi kufanele kubhekelwe nezomnotho isimo sihlaziywe ngendlela ejwayelekile. Leholo eliphansi lingashintshwa njalo ngonyaka uma kunezimo ezihlukile kusabelomali esinikezwe inkomba yamanani abathengi (CPI).
Lokhu okulandelayo izibonelo zokuziphatha kwamaholo eminyakeni yamuva. Ngonyaka we-2013 ibibekwe yiRoyal Decree 1717/2012, enosuku lukaDisemba 28 kuma-21,51 euros usuku ngalunye kanye nama-euro angama-645,30 inyanga ngayinye, ngaphezu kokufaka izinkokhelo ezi-2 ezingavamile. Uma lezi zinkokhelo zehlukaniswe zaba izinkokhelo eziyi-12, ngayinye ihambelana nenyanga eyodwa yonyaka, ngaphandle kokungeziwe, inani eliphansi eliholelekayo lanyanga zonke lifinyelela kunani lama-euro angama-752,85. Leli nani elibaliwe libhekisela kumholo ophelele, ohambelana nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi umsebenzi wesikhathi esigcwele (okuthi, eSpain, emisebenzini eminingi yomsebenzi kusho amahora angama-40 okusebenza ngesonto, uma lokhu kuhlukaniswe ukuze kushiywe uhlelo lapho zonke izinsuku zokusebenza zeviki zinenombolo efanayo yamahora abelwe, ahambelana namahora ayi-8 ngosuku). Ezimweni eziningi kakhulu, uma ngasizathu simbe kwenziwa usuku olufushane lokusebenza, imali noma ingxenye yesilinganiso ehambelana nesikhathi esisetshenzisiwe izotholwa.
Ngokusho kwe- isigaba sobungcweti sabasebenzi, kanye nezivumelwano zebhizinisi ezenziwayo, inani elishiwoyo lingakhushulwa noma lingehliswa ezimweni lapho umsebenzi ezimo ezithile zokuqeqeshwa. Ubudlelwano babasebenzi kanye nemininingwane iveziwe eSitatimendeni Sabasebenzi
NgoDisemba 2011 kwenzeka okungajwayelekile kakhulu, uHulumeni waseMariano Rajoy wamisa umkhawulo weholo eliphansi, lokhu kubalulekile ukukugqamisa ngoba ngokokuqala ngqa selokhu kwethulwe umholo omncane lokhu kwenzeke. Ngo-2012, uhulumeni we-Popular Party wenza okufanayo, waphinde waqamba amanga umholo omncane ofriziwe. Ngo-2014 kwaqhamuka lesi simo esifanayo, sashiya umholo ophansi ufriziwe kuma-euro angama-645,30 ngenyanga. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ngesibopho, inkontileka kufanele ibe nezinkokhelo ezingeziwe ezi-2, kungale ndlela yokuthi, uma ungeza ukwabiwa kwezinkokhelo ezihambelana nengxenye eyodwa ngenyanga, umholo ophelele waseSpain, okungukuthi, ngemuva kwentela, ngabe ube cishe u- € 752,85 ngenyanga.
Manje ake sibhekane nalokho okubandakanya inkokhelo yokubalwa kwezimali. Ngaphakathi kokuhlukaniswa kwemiholo ekhethekile, kunezinhlobo ezine zamaholo: eyokuqala yimali yokuthengisa, eyesibili ifana nomholo wamarisidi wemali, uhlobo lwesithathu lomholo lubhekisele emholweni wokuthenga, kanti owokugcina umholo weholo. Okukhethekile ukukhokha imali nsuku zonke. Izinkampani ezisebenzisa eyodwa noma eziningi zalezi zinkokhelo zishicilela okwenziwayo. Kulezo zimo lapho iholo akulona elanoma yiziphi izinhlobo ezine zemiholo ekhethekile, lOkwenziwayo kuzoshicilelwa kumagazini ojwayelekile, ngoba lo magazini ojwayelekile ungashintshelwa kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuthengiselana. Ukwahlukaniswa kukhona ngoba indlela eyingqayizivele isungulwe ukwamukela izinhlobo ezithile zokuthengiselana okukuqukethe.
Isikhathi ngasinye lapho inkampani ikhokha imali, ukuyigcina ithrekhi yayo, irekhodi lalokhu kuthengiselana lishicilelwa kumagazini okuhambisana nokukhokhwa kwemali. Kulokhu umholo ufakiwe kuzo zonke izinkokhelo ezenziwayo ngokusebenzisa amasheke, ukukhokha imali kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokukhokha nge-elekthronikhi lapho imali idlula khona manjalo isisebenzi. Ku-accounting, njalo uma ukhokha ngokheshi ufakwa kwi-akhawunti yemali. Isizathu esenza lokhu kwenzeke ukuthi “ukheshi” yi-akhawunti yefa, futhi wonke lawa ma-akhawunti wefa anebhalansi edonswayo ejwayelekile. Le bhalansi imele imali inkampani enayo ngokushesha, lokhu kusho ukuthi ezinye izinto ezifana namabhalansi asele noma ama-akhawunti akhokhwayo awafakiwe kulezi zinombolo.
Ukuze i ukulawulwa kwamaholo kwenziwa ngendlela engconoYonke imisebenzi eyenziwe ngesikhathi senyanga eyodwa iyarekhodwa, bese kufakwa amakholomu omholo. Ngemuva kokwenza okungenhla, isamba semali yenkampani namakhredithi kufanele alingane. Uma lokhu kungenzeki, kungubufakazi bokuthi kube nephutha noma iphutha elenzekile ngesikhathi senqubo. Kamuva, lapho amanani eseqedile futhi amanye eqinisekisiwe, inani ngalinye elihambisana nekholomu lifakwa kwileja ejwayelekile, okuyirekhodi eligcinwa kuwo wonke ama-akhawunti nezilinganiso inkampani enazo. Zonke lezi zinyathelo zenziwa ukuze inkampani ihlele kahle ama-akhawunti alokho enakho, maqondana nokukhokhwa kwamaholo.
Izinhlobo zokukhokha ezingakhetha izinkampani
Izinkampani zingakhetha ukuqamba kabusha abasebenzi bazo ngezindlela ezihlukile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye zazo zinezinzuzo zazo zentela kuzo zombili isisebenzi kanye nenkampani. Kumele kucatshangwe ukuthi izwe ngalinye lingakhokha ngezindlela ezihlukile, futhi yize umholo omncane kukhulunywe ngawo eSpain, kunamazwe lapho leholo elincane lingekho khona. Njengoba izwe ngalinye liphethwe ngokuzimela, kuvela izinhlobo ezahlukene zebhizinisi, kanye namalungelo ahlukile kubasebenzi balo. Ngaphandle kwemisebenzi isisebenzi esingayinikeza inkampani esiyisebenzelayo, inkampani ngayinye kuye ngomkhakha, indlela eqhuba ngayo umsebenzi wayo, nezwe elikuyo, ingakhokha amaholo ayo ngokuhlukile.
Ukwenza lokhu, sizobheka ezinye zezindlela ezahlukahlukene lo mholo ongakhokhwa ngazo.
Ukunikeza amasheya enkampani uqobo
Kungumkhuba okujwayelekile emazweni ase-Anglo-Saxon, kodwa eSpain kuseyinto encane kakhulu. Le ndlela yomholo ilandela izinhloso ezahlukahlukene. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma amasheya enikezwa mahhala noma ngentengo ephansi kunaleyo emakethe, isisebenzi singayeka ukukhokha intela inqobo nje uma inani eliphelele lingapheli ku- € 12.000 ngonyaka.
Enye inzuzo yale ndlela yokuholela abasebenzi ukuvumelanisa izintshisekelo zabo nezenkampani. Lo mqondo ulele ekutheni inkampani isebenza kangcono, amasheya azobiza kakhulu, ngoba abanikazi yibo ababambe iqhaza elikhulu enkampanini esebenza kahle.
Ukukhokha amathikithi okudlela
Le ndlela yokukhokha isivele isabalele kulo lonke elaseSpain. Luhlobo lwekhadi lokukhokha noma amakhuphoni angasetshenziswa ezitolo zokungenisa izihambi nasezitolo zokudlela eziwamukelayo (imvamisa sezikhona eziningi).
Okwesisebenzi, i- € 11 yokuqala ngosuku okwamukelwa, ngezinsuku zebhizinisi, Bakhululiwe ekubanjweni kwentela yomuntu ngamunye. Ngasohlangothini lwenkampani, kunenzuzo yokukhululwa ekukhokheni intela yenhlangano.
Ngezinhlelo zempesheni yenkampani
Yiminikelo eyenziwa yizinkampani emikhiqizweni yokuphepha komphakathi, futhi enye yazo izinhlelo zempesheni. Bajabulela inzuzo yentela ephindwe kabili. Izinkampani, le minikelo idonswa enteleni yenkampani. Ngokuqondene nabasebenzi kungadonswa intela yonke iminikelo yezinhlelo zempesheni efinyelela ku- € 8.000 ephezulu ngomkhawulo ka-30% wemali yakho engenayo.
Ezokuthutha
Kuyindlela inkampani engakhokha ngayo ukufuduswa kwabasebenzi bayo futhi bahlomule ngokungayikhokhi. Isisebenzi ngeke sikhokhe intela kubo kuze kufike ku- € 1.500 ngonyaka kanye ne- € 136'36 njalo ngenyanga.
Singafaka lapha ukuthi inkampani inikezela ngemoto yenkampani, lapho-ke izokhululeka ekukhokheni inani lama-20% lemoto entsha.
Umshwalanse we mpilo
Kungumkhuba ovamile phakathi kwezinkampani ezinkulu. Bobabili abasebenzi nabazisebenzayo i- € 500 yokuqala ngonyaka ingadonswa uma uthatha umshuwalense wezempilo. Njengenzuzo, umshwalense wezikweletu zomphakathi noma womshuwalense wengozi emsebenzini awukhokhiswa intela.
Ukuhlolwa kwezinkulisa
Enye yezinketho ozithandayo kulabo abanezingane. Amasheke enkulisa asetshenziselwa ukukhokhela izindleko zezingane ezineminyaka ephakathi kuka-0 no-3 eziya ezikhungweni zokunakekela izingane nasezikhungweni zezingane. Njengamathikithi okudlela, nakhu kunjalo ungakhokhi intela yemali engenayo futhi njengenzuzo akukho mkhawulo wanyanga zonke noma wonyaka wala masheke.
Izifundo nokuqeqeshwa
La inzuzo ephindwe kabili Ukuthi ukukhokhwa kwezifundo noqeqesho kunakho emsebenzini nasenkampanini kungokwenzuzo yomuntu ngamunye. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isisebenzi sizokhululeka ukuthola lolu qeqesho olungelomkhakha awusebenzelayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuze inkampani ikwazi ukuba nabasebenzi abaqeqeshwe kangcono ezindaweni zabo.