Kukho konke ubukhona be- uhlelo lwezezimali Namuhla sihlangabezane nezikhathi ezingezinhle kangako lapho ohulumeni bekufanele bathathe khona izinyathelo zomthetho ukukwazi ukulawula umnotho wezwe; futhi ngukuthi, uma umthetho othile ungafakwa, umnotho uzothinteka kakhulu. Enye yemikhuba eyenziwe ngesikhathi salezi zikhathi ze Inkinga yi-corralito, kodwa kuyini?
Indawo yokudlala kukhulunywa nje, umkhawulo obekwe nguhulumeni, lapho abantu babengenayo imali yamahhala yokulahla imali yabo kuma-akhawunti wesikhathi esinqunyiwe, ukubheka ama-akhawunti namabhange okonga. Kodwa kwenzeka nini? Yenzelwe ini? Okulandelayo, sizophendula eminye yemibuzo ebaluleke kakhulu ukuze siyiqonde i-corralito yezezimali.
Ingemuva lokudlala kwezezimali
Ngosuku lwesithathu lukaDisemba 2001, uhulumeni onamandla wesikhulu uFernando de la Rúa wenza i-corralito eyathatha cishe unyaka owodwa. Lokhu kwenzeke ezweni laseLatin America e-Argentina. Futhi iqiniso ukuthi lesi silinganiso yinto ebinodlame ngokuphelele emehlweni abantu, kungenxa yalokhu ukuthi umongameli waseLa Rúa aphoqeleke ukuthi ashiye isikhundla sakhe, okwaholela izwe esimweni ukuncibilika nokungazinzi kokubili ezenhlalo nezombusazwe; Inkinga eyadonsa iminyaka eminingana.
Inhloso yalesi silinganiso ichazwe njengokufuna ukuvimbela imali ukuphuma ohlelweni lwebhange; ngale ndlela amabhange abengeke anqanyulwe imali, okungangabazeki ukuthi ingadala inkinga yokwethuka kwamabhange, yingakho bekungenzeka ukuthi uhlelo lwamabhange ludilike ngokuphelele.
Ngaphandle kokuthi leli nyathelo yilona elathathwa, ezinye izinketho ezazingasetshenziswa ukuze zenziwe gwema ukunqanyulwa kwemali emabhange; omunye wabo ukhulunywe nguNgqongqoshe Wezomnotho, uDomingo Cavallo; ngubani ophakamise ukuthi ukugqugquzela abantu ukuthi basebenzise kakhulu izindlela zokukhokha ezisebenza ngogesi kuzoholela emnothweni osebenzayo lapho abantu bezokwazi ukufinyelela ekuhambeni kwezimali zabo. Lesi silinganiso besizovimbela ukweqa kwentela kukahulumeni, futhi ngasikhathi sinye besizokwenza inani labantu lithembele kakhulu ohlelweni lwamabhange futhi lifake imali eningi.
Kulungile manje igama elithi corralito yaqanjwa ngo-2001, futhi yenziwa yintatheli ngokukhethekile kwezomnotho u-Antonio Laje. Lo mcimbi wenzeka ngesikhathi ephethe ikholamu yezomnotho ohlelweni lwangaleso sikhathi lukaDaniel Hadad. Lo mcimbi ububaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni imicimbi yangaleso sikhathi, futhi ngukuthi kulokhu ukuthi uhulumeni uvimbe kakhulu inkululeko eyisisekelo yabasebenzisi bohlelo lokubhanga, phakathi kokubandakanya ukusebenzisa imali yakho nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, okwadala ukunganeliseki phakathi kwabo bonke abasebenzisi.
Kwenzeke kanjani ku-playpen?
Leli qiniso liqala ukwenzeka lapho i- ukukhishwa kwemaliKusukela, kuze kube nguNovemba walowo nyaka, ukuhoxa kwemali kwakungaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama-67; Yile datha enikeza uhulumeni umhlahlandlela wokwenza isinqumo sokwakha i-corralito. Kodwa yayiqukethe ini?
Ngokuqondile, lo mcimbi ubuqukethe uchungechunge lwemikhawulo, ukuvinjelwa obekugxile emisebenzini yamaqembu amabili abantu, Okokuqala, sithola izinqatshelo zomphakathi kanti okwesibili, sithola okungavunyelwe emabhange, ake sibheke ukuthi ngamunye wabo uqukethe ini.
Ngokuqondene ne ukuvinjelwa komphakathi sithole ukuthi abasebenzisi abakwazanga ukukhipha imali eyeqe ama-peso angama-25 noma ama-dollar angama-250, inani elilinganiselwe ngesonto. Futhi lokhu kungavunyelwe kuwo wonke ama-akhawunti abesebizweni lomnikazi, ngakho-ke kwakungakhathalekile ukuthi ngabe une-akhawunti kuleli noma lelo bhange, ngoba ngesonto wayengathola kuphela ama- $ 250 kwi-akhawunti yakhe.
Ukwenqatshelwa kwesibili yilokho ukudlulisa phesheyaLokhu kusebenza kuphela kubasebenzisi abajwayelekile, ngoba lokhu kuthengiselana bekuvunyelwe kulabo abahambisana nokuhweba kwangaphandle, kanye nezinkokhelo zezindleko noma ukuhoxiswa okwenziwa kanye phesheya. Ngale ndlela kuzanywa ukuthi ibhange likazwelonke lingaphelelwa yimali ezosebenza ngayo.
Manje sengizokhuluma ngefayela le- ukuvinjelwa kwamabhizinisi wezezimali, Okokuqala, ake senze izinkomba zokuthi abavunyelwe ukwenza imisebenzi esebenzayo kuma-pesos, ngaphezu kwalokhu, izinketho zokwenza ukunyakaza ngezimali zakwamanye amazwe zazingavunyelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zikhungo zazingavunyelwe ukulamula ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile; Ngaphandle kwesimo lapho ukuthengiselana kuguqulwe kwaba ngamadola, inqobo nje uma okweletayo evume lokho kuhamba.
Okunye ukwenqatshelwa ukuthi amanani wenzalo ayephakeme kunalawo amadiphozithi ayelingana nawo, kungaba ngama-pesos noma ngama-dollar, ayenganikezwa. Kuleli qophelo kubalulekile futhi ukusho ukuthi imisebenzi ebisebenza ibingaguqulwa ibe yimali yakwamanye amazwe, inqobo nje uma umthetho wokuguqulwa unganakiwe. 23.928, okusho ukuthi ukuthengiselana bekulawulwa ngendlela elula kakhulu.
Okokugcina kwe- ukuvinjelwa okusebenzayo kuzinhlangano Yiyo engabavumeli ukuthi bakhokhise noma iyiphi ikhomishini nganoma yikuphi ukuguqulwa kwemali. Kuncike ekutheni imisebenzi yenziwa ngama-akhawunti avulwe ezikhungweni zezezimali. Lokhu kusho ukulahlekelwa okuningi kwezikhungo zezezimali, okukhombisa ukuthi abanganeliseki kuphela ngemiphumela yalesi sinqumo akubona abasebenzisi, kodwa futhi nezikhungo zezezimali zithinteke kakhulu ngenxa yesinqumo sokusebenzisa i-corralito.
Izinhloso ze-corralito yezezimali
Yize inhloso enkulu yalesi silinganiso isivele ichaziwe, ake sibhekisise ukuthi le micimbi yayihlelwe kanjani ukuthi yenzeke. Iphuzu lokuqala okufanele libhekwe ukuthi bekufiswa ukukugwema ukuvuza kwamadiphozithi ohlelweni lokubhanga, lokhu kuvuza kube ngumphumela womcimbi lapho abasebenzisi belahlekelwe yithemba ngohlelo lwebhange. Uma kwenzeka lokhu kuhamba kwendiza enkulu-ke ukuqagela kwakuzokwenzeka ekuphumeni okungahle kwenzeke ekuguqukeni, isimo esasingeke sivune uhlelo lwebhange kanye nohlelo lwezezimali jikelele.
Ngakho-ke kucatshangelwa lolu lwazi kanye nokuqagela, bese kuthathwa isinqumo sokwenza umdlalo onentshisekelo enkulu, i-corralito, obekuhlelelwe ngayo ukugwema ukuhoxiswa okukhulu kwemali.
Enye inhloso ababenayo emqondweni yayiphathelene nokugcina i- Ukugeleza kwemali ukuze umnotho ungami ngoba abantu bebengenakho ukufinyelela emalini yabo, kodwa bekucatshangwa ukuthi ukungena kwemali kugcinwa ngaphakathi kohlelo lokubhanga ngokusebenzisa amakhadi asebhange. Njengoba kunikezwe zonke lezi zinhloso zikahulumeni, hhayi kuphela i- ukufinyelela komsebenzisi mahhala ezikhwameni zabo, Kepha abasebenzisi abaningi baphoqeleka ukuthi bathole amakhadi ukuze bakwazi ukufinyelela kulezi zimali, yize bebengenayo imali ngokheshi uma bengathola izimpahla ngokuthengiselana kwebhange.
Ngakho-ke inhloso uhulumeni ayeyilandela kwakuwukuthi gcina uhlelo lokubhanga luzinzile, futhi njengoba kushiwo ezigabeni ezedlule, lena bekuyindlela eyodwa kuphela yezindlela eziningi ezingabhekwa ukuze kugcinwe ukuhamba kwemali kusebenza ezikhungweni zebhange.
Imiphumela ye-playpen
Enye yezinto eziphambili imiphumela ye-playpenKungenxa yokuthi bekuyisinqumo esenziwe ngokungazelelwe, ngakho-ke besingekho isikhathi sokuphendula kulabo abathintekayo ukuzivumelanisa nesimo. Ngenxa yalolu shintsho oluzumayo ohlelweni, ukonakala kwemali ezweni kwalimala kakhulu, njengoba ingxenye enkulu yenhlangano yezomnotho yaphazanyiswa ukungabi khona kwemali.
Ngenxa yalokhu okungenhla, kokubili ukuhweba nesikweletu kwakhubazeka, okwenza umnotho ume ngendlela ebonakalayo. Ingxenye yalokhu kungenxa yokuthi iphesenti labantu likweleta i- ukuqinisa umnotho ongakahlelekiNjengabantu abambalwa kakhulu abanemali eyanele yokuthenga nsuku zonke, okuthinte kakhulu indlela yokuphila yabantu, amakhasimende nabathengisi bohlelo olushiwo.
Umphumela omubi kakhulu wenziwa ezweni elingumakhelwane lase-Uruguay, futhi ukuthi abantu base-Argentina babenombono wokuthi bakwazi ukukhipha izimali zabo emabhange ezwe elingumakhelwane, noma kunjalo, lesi sehlakalo sabangela ukuthi inkinga ibe khona ngo-2002 ibhange lase-Uruguay, elinye lamazwe adume kakhulu emlandweni walo, futhi elidalwe uhulumeni wase-Argentina.