Uma ufuna ugqozi, siza noma ufuna nje ukwazi ukuthi osomnotho abakhulu bacabangani ngomhlaba wezezimali, ngincoma ukuthi ubheke izingcaphuno zikaBen Bernanke. Imayelana nosopolitiki waseMelika nosomnotho ngubani Wayengumongameli weFederal Reserve yase-United States, umqondisi we-Monetary Economics Programme yeNational Bureau of Economic Research futhi umhleli we "American Economic Review."
Kungenzeka angabi ngomunye wabantu abacebe kakhulu emhlabeni, kodwa unguye ungomunye wabomnotho abangamashumi amahlanu abashicilelwe kakhulu. Ngalokhu nakuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe nokulandela kwakhe umkhondo emhlabeni wezezimali, sizocaphuna imishwana ehamba phambili kaBen Bernanke futhi sikhulume kancane nge-biography yakhe nangendlela abuka ngayo ezomnotho.
Imishwana engu-12 ehamba phambili kaBen Bernanke
Njengoba sesishilo, izingcaphuno zikaBen Bernanke zingathakazelisa kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yomsebenzi omude walo somnotho kwezombusazwe nakwezimakethe zezimali. UBen Bernanke unikeze izinkulumo eziningana ngombono wezimali nenqubomgomo eLondon School of Economics. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubhale izincwadi ezimbili sezizonke. Eyokuqala imayelana nezinga eliphakathi le-macroeconomics. Enye ikhuluma ngama-microeconomics kanye ne-macroeconomics. Ukwazi lokhu ngoBen Bernanke, sesingavele sizijabulele izingcaphuno zakhe eziyishumi nambili eziphezulu.
- “Isimo esibucayi kanye nokwehla kwamandla omnotho kuholele enanini lentengo eliphansi kakhulu, kuyiqiniso. Kodwa le micimbi ibuye yacekela phansi nemisebenzi, yamisa ukukhula komnotho, yaholela nokwehla okukhulu kwamanani emizi namabhizinisi amaningi. "
- "Isifundo somlando ukuthi awutholi ukuvuselelwa kwezomnotho okuqhubekayo ngenkathi uhlelo lwezezimali lusenkingeni."
- "Kuyintengo yempumelelo: abantu baqala ukucabanga ukuthi ungusomandla."
- “Empeleni, ngokuvamile, imbuyiselo evela ekutshalweni okunempilo kungenzeka ingabi esimeme emnothweni obuthakathaka. Futhi kunzima ukongela umhlalaphansi noma ezinye izinhloso ngaphandle kwemali oyitholayo ngomsebenzi. "
- Ithemba elihle yinto enhle. Kwenza abantu baphume lapho, baqale ibhizinisi, basebenzise imali nanoma yini edingekayo ukuze umnotho uqhubeke. "
- Yebo, i-United States ingumnotho omkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni. Cishe ikota yokukhiqizwa komhlaba. Kubuye kube yikhaya lezikhungo eziningi ezinkulu zezezimali kanye nezimakethe zezimali. "
- “Inqubomgomo yemali ayikwazi ukwenza lukhulu ngokukhula kwesikhathi eside. Esingazama ukukwenza ukuzama ukulungisa izikhathi lapho umnotho ucindezelekile ngenxa yokuntuleka kwesidingo. "
- Uma ufuna ukuqonda i-geology, ufunda ukuzamazama komhlaba. Uma ufuna ukuqonda ezomnotho, ufunda Ukudangala Okukhulu. "
- “Umsebenzi weFederal Reserve ukwenza okulungile, ukuthatha intshisekelo yezomnotho yesikhathi eside enhliziyweni yayo, noma ngabe lokhu kwesinye isikhathi kusho ukungathandwa. Kodwa kufanele senze okufanele. "
- "Isimo esibucayi e-Europe sithinte umnotho wase-US ngokuthi senze umsebenzi wokuhudula izimpahla esizithumela kwamanye amazwe, sibeke iqhaza kwezamabhizinisi nakubathengi, futhi sifake ingcindezi ezimakethe zase-US nasezikhungweni zezezimali."
- “Ngingumuntu othanda izingqikithi zeGreat Depression, ngendlela efanayo abanye abantu abazithanda ngayo izingqikithi zeMpi Yombango. Izingqinamba eziphakanyiswe yi-Depression, kanye nezifundo zayo, zisabalulekile nanamuhla. "
- "Yize ukwehla kwamandla emali ngokuvamile kuyinto enhle, ukwehla kwamandla emali okuphansi kakhulu kungadala ubungozi emnothweni - ikakhulukazi uma umnotho usenkingeni."
Ngubani uBen Bernanke?
Ukunikeza amandla athe xaxa emishweni kaBen Bernanke kufanele wazi okuncane ngomlando wakhe, wazi ukuthi wayengubani nokuthi wayecabanga kanjani ngomhlaba wezezimali. Lo somnotho onemvelaphi yobuJuda wazalwa ngoDisemba 13, 1953 eGeorgia. Wayengusihlalo wethimba labeluleki bezomnotho likaGeorge W. Bush ngenkathi esengumongameli waseMelika. Ngo-2006 wabamba isikhundla sokuba ngumongameli we-United States Federal Reserve, isikhundla okwakungu-Alan Greenspan phambilini, omunye umuntu obalulekile emhlabeni wezezimali futhi nemishwana yakhe enconywayo.
Ezingeni lezepolitiki, uBernanke uyilungu leRepublican Party yaseNyakatho Melika. Mayelana nezifundo zakhe, lo sopolitiki kanye nosomnotho uneziqu zezomnotho azithola eHarvard University. Yini enye, waqokwa njengoDokotela Wezomnotho nguMIT (IMassachusetts Institute of Technology). EPrinceton University wayengusihlalo womnyango wezomnotho futhi phakathi kuka-2002 no-2005 wayeyingxenye yekomidi lezinqubomgomo zezimali ze-US Central Bank. Kungenxa yokuqhubeka kwakhe okuhle kwezemfundo ukuthi uBen Bernanke uphakanyiswe ukuthi agcwalise isikhundla sika-Alan Greenspan njengosihlalo we-United States Federal Reserve.
Mayelana nomnotho, UBen Bernanke ukhombisa intshisekelo ekhethekile kuzo zombili izimbangela zezomnotho nezepolitiki zoKucindezeleka Okukhulu. Ushicilele izindatshana zemibhalo yezazi eziningana ngale ndaba futhi izingcaphuno eziningi zikaBen Bernanke zikhombisa intshisekelo yakhe kulolu daba. Ngaphambi kokuthi uBernanke enze umsebenzi wakhe, inkolelo-mbuso eyayibusa kakhulu ngesikhathi soKucindezeleka Okukhulu kwakungoMilton Friedman. Ngokusho kwakhe, okwadala le nkinga ikakhulukazi ukwehliswa kwemali ebiyenziwa yiFederal Reserve. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bekunezikhathi eziningana lapho ephawula khona ukuthi ukukhuphula inzalo kusenesikhathi kakhulu ngesikhathi Sokwehla Okukhulu Kwezomnotho kwakungelinye lamaphutha amakhulu ake enziwa. UMilton Friedman wayebuye abe ngusomnotho obalulekile enemibono nemishwana ethakazelisa kakhulu.
Ezomnotho Ezintsha Zase-Keynesian
Kwi-New Keynesian Economics, eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-New Keynesianism, uBen Bernanke ungomunye wabantu abavelele. Kodwa kuyini lokhu? Kuyisikole somcabango wezomnotho inhloso yawo ukuhlinzeka izisekelo ze-microeconomic kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-Keynesian economics. I-macroeconomics ye-Keynesian ithole ukugxekwa okuhlukahlukene okuvela kubalandeli be-New Classical Macroeconomics, lapho i-New Keynesian Economics yavela njengempendulo.
Ngokusho kwesazi sezomnotho saseMelika uDavid Colander, ukukhathazeka ukuthi kokubili i-New Keynesianism ne-New Classical Macroeconomics abanakho ngokuguquguquka kwamanani namaholo akuthinta ngokuphelele. Esikhundleni se igxila ekwehlulekeni okwenziwe ukuhleleka okuhlelekile noma kwesikhungo, ekuncikaneni kwezinto zezomnotho nezici, kanye nakwamanye amazwe. Le ndlela isiza ukuqaphela amaphuzu amaningi wokulingana kwezomnotho, okuguqula isimo senkulumompikiswano ehlobene ne-macroeconomics.
Izazi zeMacroeconomics uMakiw noRomer beza namagama okuqala ukuchaza iNew Keynesian Economics. Lezi imiqondo emibili emaphakathi echaza lesi sikole kusukela namhlanje okulandelayo:
- I-classical dichotomy ayemukelwa.
- Ukuhluleka kwemakethe kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuguquguquka okungenzeka kukho.
Kodwa-ke, kunento eyodwa efana nayo ne-classicism entsha. Zombili lezi zikole zicabanga ukuthi ukuziphatha kwamafemu nemizi kuhlobene kakhulu nomqondo wokulindela okunengqondo okuphakanyiswe nguMuth noLucas. Kodwa-ke, i-New Keynesian Economics ivikela ukuthi ukwehluleka kwemakethe kukhona nokuthi imiphumela yayo ingokoqobo. Phakathi kwazo kukhona ukuqina, ukunamathela noma ukungena kwamanani entengo namaholo. Lokho kusho ukuthi: Akekho kubo ophendula izinguquko ezimakethe ngokushesha.
Ukungeza ukunamathela kwamaholo nezintengo kuwo wonke amanye amaphutha kumodeli, singaphetha ngalokho umnotho ngeke uzuze ukuqashwa ngokugcwele. Ngokwezomnotho, ukuqashwa ngokugcwele kwenzeka lapho bonke abantu abafuna ukusebenza bengenza kanjalo. Ngenxa yalokho, kusebenza kangcono ukusebenzisa izinqubomgomo zokuqiniswa kwePareto kunalezo ze-laissez faire. Lokhu kufanele kwenziwe bobabili ohulumeni namabhange amakhulu ukuthola imiphumela ye-macroeconomic.
Indawo ye-euro nokusilela kwezohwebo
UBen Bernanke unemibono ecacile uma kukhulunywa ngokuthi kwenziwa kanjani ukuhweba endaweni ye-euro. Ngokusho kwakhe, ukusilela kwezohwebo okukhona emazweni e-euro zone kuzogcina kubabhubhisile. Ubambelela ekutheni ukungalingani phakathi kwamazwe ahlukahlukene aseYurophu akukuhle neze, ngoba kudala ukukhula okungalingani, ikakhulukazi ezingeni lezezimali. UBernanke ukholelwa ukuthi insalela yokuhweba yaseJalimane iyinkinga enkulu emhlabeni jikelele. Izwe laseJalimane lithenga okuncane kakhulu kunalokhu elikuthengisayo, ngakho-ke ligcina selithumela kabusha isidingo emazweni aseduze nakwamanye emhlabeni jikelele. Ngale ndlela, kokubili ukukhiqizwa nomsebenzi kuyancipha ngaphandle kweJalimane.
Kunemibono eminingi eyehlukene, imibono kanye nemibono emhlabeni wezezimali. Izingcaphuno zikaBen Bernanke, i-biography yakhe, neNew Keynesian Economics ziyingxenye encane yakhe. Lapho sazi ngokwengeziwe, lapho singaba ngabagxeka kakhulu futhi lapho singaphuma kakhulu ezimakethe zezezimali.