Ukutshala imali emakethe yamasheya kudinga ulwazi oluyisisekelo lokuqhuba imisebenzi ngeziqinisekiso ezinkulu zempumelelo. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi imigomo ethile ehlobene nemakethe yamasheya ayaziwa. Ngoba ngaphandle kwakho konke kungancisha abasebenzisi ukuhambisa imisebenzi yabo ngokufanele kunoma iyiphi imakethe yezezimali. Ngenhloso enkulu yokwenza ngcono izikhundla zakho ku-akhawunti yakho yokuhlola, noma ngabe yiliphi isu lokutshala imali olisebenzisayo.
Akudingekile ukuba wazi kahle imigomo yezomnotho yokuqina okukhulu futhi ejwayelekile kakhulu kubaphathi abaphezulu bezinkampani. Ngalo mqondo, akungabazeki ukuthi ngezinto ezithile eziyisisekelo ezinganelisa lesi sidingo uma ngabe imigomo okumele izuzwe kusuka manje. Ngakho-ke, akufanele ulahle lolu lwazi nganoma iyiphi indlela ngoba ngale ndlela konke kuzoba ngcono kuwe emakethe yamasheya kusuka kulezi zikhathi eziqondile. Akumangazi-ke ukuthi kuzoba ngesinye sezici ezizokuhlukanisa nabanye abatshali zimali abancane nabaphakathi futhi ngenxa yalomkhuba, kuzuze imiphumela engcono ezimakethe zezimali.
Ukuze ukwazi ukufeza lezi zifiso kusukela manje sizokudalula eminye yemigomo ethi esetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni wokutshala imali. Ungahle ujwayelane nabanye babo, kepha abanye bangaze bakumangaze ngokwenziwa kwabo okusha. Kunoma ikuphi, kuzoba yisinyathelo esithe xaxa kumasu akho okufunda ngemakethe yamasheya. Vele, awulahlekelwa yilutho futhi kunezinhloso eziningi ongazifeza ngalesi sichazamazwi semakethe yamasheya esincane esizokwethulela sona kusukela kulo mzuzu kuqhubeke. Ungaphuthelwa ngoba ngayo uzokwazi ukuthola imali ethe xaxa ezoya ku-akhawunti yakho yokuhlola.
Isichazamazwi: iyini impahla?
Impahla yezezimali: yinoma iyiphi into ebhekiswe kutshalomali. Zihluke kakhulu njengoba kungenzeka kusuka esenzweni kusuka enkampanini edayiswa esidlangalaleni kuya ekuphepheni kwemali engenayo engaguquki, ngokusebenzisa ezinye izimali ezifana nezinto zokusetshenziswa noma izinsimbi eziyigugu.
I-ejensi yokulinganisa: yibo abaphethe ukwenza i- ukulinganiswa kwamatayitela lokho kubhalwe ezimakethe ezahlukahlukene zezezimali. Kunoma ikuphi, okunye okwaziwa kakhulu yiMoody's, Standard & Poor's neFitch.
Ukonga: le yingxenye ye- imali engenayo yomndeni lokho akunikezelwe ekusetshenzisweni futhi okungenziwa inzuzo ngemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yasebhange (idiphozi yesikhathi, amanothi ezethembiso zebhange noma ama-akhawunti akhokha kakhulu, phakathi kokunye okubaluleke kakhulu). Ngenzuzo emaphakathi yonyaka eminyakeni yamuva engadluli amazinga we-1%.
I-Bullish: ukuthambekela kokuvuka kwengxenye yokuphepha noma enye impahla yezezimali. Yebo, lapho bezithola bekulesi simo, ithuba langempela livuleka kubo faka izimakethe zezimali ezifanele. Hhayi ize, uma impumelelo yokusebenza iqinisekisiwe, okungenani maqondana nesikhathi esifushane.
Ukwanda kwemali, ukuhlaziywa, njll.
: Lokhu kungukuhamba okujwayelekile kwezinkampani phakathi kwezinkampani ezibhalwe ezimakethe zezimali. Kuyabonakala ngoba kunokwanda kwesitokwe senkampani. Lokhu kungenziwa ngokukhipha izenzo ezintsha noma ngokumane nje ngokukhuphuka kwenani eliphansi lalawo akhona. Kungaba yithuba elihle kakhulu lokungena ezweni elihlala liyinkimbinkimbi emakethe yamasheya, yize lisuka ngendlela ehluke kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa neyendabuko.
Ukuhlaziywa okuyisisekelo: ngokuyisisekelo kubhekiswa kusistimu yokuhlaziya (esebenza hhayi kuphela kwizibambiso ezithengiswa esidlangalaleni, kodwa nakunoma iyiphi enye impahla) esebenzisa yonke imininingwane etholakala emakethe. Ngale ndlela, futhi ngokususelwa kulwazi olunikeziwe, umsebenzisi uzokwazi ukwenza isinqumo esivikela izintshisekelo zakhe njengomtshalizimali odayisayo. Kunoma ikuphi, akubheki ukuvela kwempahla yezezimali ehlaziyiwe.
Ukuhlaziywa kobuchwepheshe: lolu olunye uhlelo lokubikezela lwezimakethe zezimali. Noma kulokhu kulokhu kubheka ukuvela kwamanani ayo nsuku zonke. Ngokwezinga elinikeza ngalo ulwazi oludingekayo ngalelo nani. Ngokwesibonelo, ivolumu yokuhweba, amazinga okungena noma okuphuma noma ukuphuka kwezinsizakalo nokumelana. Mhlawumbe iyindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu ngabatshalizimali abancane nabaphakathi ukwenza ukonga kwabo kube nenzuzo, yize kungenazo izingozi ngokwethembeka kwayo.
Ibhendi yentengo yesitoko
I-Bearish: yisimo lapho umtshalizimali elindele ukwehla kwentengo yesibambiso, futhi lokho kungacindezelwa ukuthi kuthande lo mkhuba. Akunjalo, kulesi sikhundla kufanele uvule izikhundla ngoba uzoba nawo wonke amavoti okukushiyela ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yotshalo-mali lwakho osendleleni. Kuzo zonke izimo, kuzoba uphawu olucacile lwamanani abo, ungawathola ephansi kakhulu kunentengo yawo yamanje. Hhayi ngeze, ukuthengisa kuyanqoba maqondana nokuthenga.
Ibhendi: kuyinto ebaluleke njengobubanzi bamanani phakathi kwayo ishintsha inani. Emakethe yamasheya, kungabhekisa eqinisweni lokuthi amanani abo ahambile kuseshini efanayo yokuhweba phakathi kuka-12,45 no-12,98 euro ngesabelo ngasinye. Izokunikeza umbono onembe kakhulu mayelana nokuthi kwenzekani ngaleyo mpahla yezezimali futhi uzokwazi ukuthatha isinqumo ezimakethe zezezimali ngeziqiniseko ezinkulu zempumelelo.
Bhele: uma ukhuluma isiNgisi ngokushelelayo, ngeke ube nankinga yokuqinisekisa ukuthi leli gama liyingxenye ye- ijagoni yezimali futhi kulingana nokuthi i-asethi yezokuphepha noma yezezimali ingasebenza kanjani. Isetshenziswa kabanzi kulezi zindawo yiwo wonke ama-ejenti ezezimali noma lawo ahlobene nomkhakha wotshalo-mali.
Amaholo ngesabelo ngasinye: okwaziwa futhi ngamagama awo BPA, kubhekiswa kunzuzo ephelele ehlukaniswe ngenani lamasheya alungisiwe unyaka ngamunye. Ngakho-ke, ilinganisa ingxenye yenzuzo engahambisana nesabelo ngasinye. Kuyinto eguquguqukayo esetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya ukuthi yiliphi iqembu lezinkampani ezibalwe ohlwini okufanele lenze iphothifoliyo yakho elandelayo yokutshala imali. Akumangalisi ukuthi kungenye yemininingwane efanelekile emakethe yamasheya, njengoba nawe ngokwakho uzokwazi ngalesi sikhathi.
Uyazi ukuthi yini i-chip eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka?
IBlue Chip: ubhekene nelinye igama elinezimpande ze-Anglo-Saxon futhi lokho kusebenza kumasheya ahlonishwa kakhulu abhalwe emakethe yamasheya, kulokhu kuya kwelaseSpain. Kuyizibambiso ezikhishwa izinkampani ezixazululayo, ezinedatha enhle eyisisekelo, futhi okungezezimali ezinkulu zikazwelonke. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, babonakala nge umthamo wenkontileka kuphezulu kakhulu futhi impela kuphakeme kunezinye izinkampani ezibalulwe. Ama-chip equity blue chips yi-Endesa, Iberdrola, Repsol, BBVA neBanco Santander. Okusho ukuthi, okubaluleke kakhulu kwe-Ibex 35.
I-Junk bond: kulokhu sibhekise ekuvikelekeni kwemali ethize okungaguquki okunikezwa ngenzalo ephezulu yizinkampani ezinobungozi obukhulu. Uma lezi zinhlobo ezikhethekile zemikhiqizo yezezimali zihlukaniselwa okuthile, kungenxa yokuthi zibandakanya ifayela le- ingozi enkulu ukumiswa kwezinkokhelo. Ukufika ezingeni lokuthi ungakhokha ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yemali oyitshalile. Kunoma ikuphi, kufanele ugweme ukubaqasha ngaphezu kwezinye izinto uma ungafuni ukuthola okunye ukumangala kusuka manje.
I-Treasury Bond: ngumkhiqizo wemali engenayo ongaguquki ngokusebenza kahle. Lapho kuvela khona isikweletu somphakathi esikhishwe isikhathi esiphakathi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha kuya kweziyishumi nesishiyagalombili, cishe. Ngamamodeli wokutshala imali kufaka phakathi imikhiqizo eyaziwa njenge amabhondi, izikweletu zikahulumeni noma izibopho, kanye nokuvuthwa kwazo okuhambisanayo. Akumangalisi ukuthi baqinisekisa ukubuya okungaguquki minyaka yonke, noma ngabe kwenzekani ezimakethe zezezimali.
Abadayisi njengabalamuli
Broker: futhi ubhekene nelinye igama le-Anglo-Saxon ukuchaza umxhumanisi kunoma iyiphi imakethe. Vele, kubhekiswa kubo bobabili abathengisela abathengisi emakethe yamasheya nasezinsizakalweni zokulamula zebhange. Kunoma ikuphi, ziyadingeka ukuze ukwazi ukusebenza nanoma iyiphi imakethe yezezimali, hhayi kuphela imali engenayo eguquguqukayo kepha nemali engenayo engaguquki.
IBund: ayikho enye into ngaphandle kwesibopho sikazwelonke esikweletini somphakathi esikhishwe uhulumeni waseJalimane futhi esine- Ukukhula kweminyaka eyi-10. Kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba kuthathwa njengomthombo oyisethenjwa ukubala amaprimiyamu engcuphe yamazwe ezoni ye-euro, kufaka phakathi nelaseSpain.
Inhloko nehlombe: kungesinye sezibalo ezimele kakhulu zalokhu okuthiwa ukuhlaziywa kwezobuchwepheshe futhi kuyahlukaniswa ngoba kulindeleke ukuthi i- a Ushintsho lwethrendi Kusuka emakethe. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze ukwazi ukusebenza ngempumelelo emakethe yamasheya futhi yingakho kufanele uyicabangele.
Iphothifoliyo yemodeli: ukwakheka kwe- amanani anconyiwe ngochwepheshe bemboni. Ngokuvamile zisebenza isikhathi esithile, ukuvuselelwa kancane kancane kuye ngamasu wabatshalizimali. Zingahle zenzelwe amaphrofayli womsebenzisi angaba nolaka, alinganise noma abe ngolindelekile. Kuleso simo ukwakheka kwabo kuyahlukahluka.