Phakathi neminyaka ka-2006-2008, imali ebanjwayo ye-subprime yayiyinkinga enkulu yezomnotho e-United States, eyacishe yathinta amanye amazwe amaningi. Kusekhona osomnotho abaningi nochwepheshe ababakhumbulayo, futhi abaxwayisa ngengozi yokuthi bazobuya, ngaphansi kwamanye amagama, ngaleyo ndlela bashintshe umnotho wezwe.
Ngakho-ke uma ufuna yazi ukuthi yiziphi izikweletu ze-subprime, imibandela abayinikezile nokuthi kwenzekeni ukuze manje babonakale njengengozi enkulu, lapha sesihlanganise lonke ulwazi ngakho.
Yini imali mboleko ye-subprime
Imalimboleko ekhokhelwa ukubuyisa imali esezingeni eliphansi ivele e-United States. Empeleni, babeyisibalo "esisemthethweni" ohlelweni lwabo lwemalimboleko nolwezikweletu, futhi zazigxile ngqo ezibolekweni zemali. Kuleli zwe, kwakukhona izinhlobo ezimbili zempahla ebanjwayo: eyokuqala, okuyizinto ezinikezwa abantu abanesixazululo esingaphezu kwamaphoyinti angama-660 (ngokomsebenzi wabo, izinga lempilo, imibhalo, amathuba okubuyisa imali, njll.); i-subprime, okuyilawo anikezwe abantu abangafinyelelanga kumaphuzu angama-660. Laba baphinde bathola amanye amagama afana nokubolekiswa kwemali okungenamsoco noma imalimboleko ye-NINJA (Ayikho Imali engenayo i-JO noma ama-Assets, ehunyushwa njengemali mboleko yalabo abangenayo imali, abasebenzayo noma abangasebenzi).
Ngakho, Imalimboleko ebanjwayo ye-subprime yilezo ezazinikezwa abantu ababenezinsizakusebenza ezimbalwa, ukuthi babengenamali, noma bengasebenzi. Kulokhu, bekungaba yingozi kakhulu ukunikela ngemalimboleko kumuntu ongakwazi ukuyibuyisa, ngakho-ke banqume ukukhuphula inzalo.
Okufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi lezi zimpahla zemali mboleko bezingezimbi, empeleni bezifana nezimbambiso ezibanjwayo, kepha lezi, ngoba umnikazi wayengeyena "umuntu ongcono kunabo bonke bokuthembela emalini", izimo zazibekwa zanzima kakhulu.
Yiziphi izimo zempahla ebanjwayo ye-subprime
Zaziyini lezo zimo? Imalimboleko ekhokhelwa abakwa-Subprime ibiyinsiza esetshenziswa imindeni eminingi emakhaya abo. Inkinga ukuthi lezi zibeke engcupheni enkulu amabhange. Mhlawumbe eyodwa noma ezimbili hhayi, kepha izinhlangano zaqala ukuqoqana ngokwengeziwe zazo, futhi ingxenye enkulu yazo yaqala ukwehluleka.
Okokuqala, lezi zinhlobo zokubanjiswa kwemali zibekelwe amaphrofayli angafinyeleli ku-solvency eyayidingeka ukunikela ngempahla ebanjiswayo. Futhi kungenziwa ukuthi batholakale ngabantu abangenawo umsebenzi, abathola imali encane, noma abangazinzile futhi bengenazo izakhiwo egameni labo "ezingabaqinisekisa". Ngamanye amagama, noma ngubani angakhipha imali ebanjiswa ngaphansi kwe-subprime ngaphandle kokuthola umsebenzi, imali noma impahla.
Ngenxa yalokhu okungenhla, futhi ngoba bekubandakanya ukuthengiselana okuphezulu kobungozi, inani lenzalo beliphezulu kakhulu, ngoba bekukhona ubungozi obukhulu bokungakhokhi. A) Yebo, inani lenzalo lalijwayele ukuba phakathi kwamaphoyinti angu-1,5 no-7 ngaphezu kwalokho okubhekwa njengokujwayelekile. Kepha akugcinanga lapho.
Futhi bekukhona amakhomishini amaningi, hhayi nje ama-brokerage broker, kepha amanye afakwa ngamabhange uqobo futhi akhuphule inani obekufanele libuyiselwe kulokho okunzima kakhulu ukubuyela kuleli qembu.
Ekugcineni, imali ebanjisiwe yanikezwa imali engaphezulu kuka-80% wendlu, kepha kwakulula ukuthola ibhange ngokwalo ukuthi likwenze isibambiso esingu-100% futhi linakekele nezindleko.
Ngamanye amagama, bekuyimali ebolekiwe "enamanzi" kakhulu kulabo abayidingayo. Kepha kuthiwani ngamabhange?
Izimali ezibolekwa ngamabhange amancane kanye namabhange
Endabeni yamabhange, kubonakala cishe kungenakwenzeka ukuthi ibhizinisi lilinge ukwenza into enjalo, akunjalo? Noma kunjalo e-United States kwenzeka (yize kuyikho futhi okwadala ukuwa kwezezimali ngemuva kwalokho).
Kepha yebo, amabhange ajabule ngalezi zinhlobo zokubanjiswa kwemali, futhi konke ngoba basebenzise isibalo "semali ebanjiswayo." Babeyisibalo lapho babeka khona lezo zibambiso futhi bazithengise kwizimali zokutshala imali. Okusho ukuthi, basekelwa abanye abathi, ngokushintshanisa ngala mabhonasi, bathola "umvuzo." Futhi konke kwakubonakala kuhamba kahle ... kuze kube akunjalo.
Indaba yenkinga enkulu
Ngo-2000, imali ebanjwayo ye-subprime yayiyisivumelwano. Umuntu, ngaphandle kwemali engenayo, ngaphandle komsebenzi ozinzile, ngaphandle kwempahla angavuma ukuthenga indlu ngoba ibhange limnike imali yokubambisa, kwesinye isikhathi i-100%, kwesinye isikhathi i-80%. Kodwa kwakungeyakhe. Konke obekufanele ukwenze ukukhokha imali yenyanga. Futhi konke kwahamba kahle. Empeleni, Ngokwemininingwane evela kwi-Institute for Stock Market Studies, ngonyaka wezi-2006 izikhungo zezimali zaseMelika zazenze imali eningi ngalo mkhiqizo wasebhange. Kodwa kusukela ngalowo nyaka izinto zaba zimbi kakhulu.
Futhi yilokho abantu abaningi bayeka ukukhokha imali, futhi lokho kwabenza badela amakhaya abo. Inkinga kwaba ukuthi lezi zazingathengiswa kabusha ngokubiza kakhulu, ngoba intengo yayisivele iphezulu, futhi base beqala nokuhla. Ngakho-ke amabhange abenezindlu eziningi nezikweletu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, labo ababethenge ama-bond baqala ukubona ukuthi akukho lutho abazoluthola, kunalokho, babelahlekelwa yilo lonke inani ababelitshalile. Futhi lokho kudale ukuthi izimali namabhange aqale ukuba nezinkinga zokukhokha imali, konakale… Okubangele inkinga yezimali eyaziwayo yango-2007-2008.
Ingabe kunempahla ebanjwayo engabambeki eSpain?
Umbuzo omkhulu kwabaningi. Ngakho-ke, imali ebanjwayo ye-subprime yayiyinto yaseMelika. Kepha akudingeki uhambe ibanga elide ukubona lokho, izibalo ezifanayo ziye zaba khona naseSpain.
Eqinisweni, cishe ngasikhathi sinye nase-United States, ngawo-2000, imali ebizwa ngokuthi yimalimboleko yempahla engabanjwanga yaqala ukuphuma emabhange. Izimo zabo bezifana kakhulu ne-subprime futhi yebo, imiphumela nayo ibifana: inkinga yezomnotho, okwamanje, iSpain engakakwazi ukuphuma kuyo.
Futhi manje?
Ngeke sikutshele ukuthi azikho izinto ezibambekayo, imali engabizi, imali ebanjwayo ye-NINJA noma yini ofuna ukuyibiza namhlanje. Iqiniso liwukuthi Yebo, zingaba khona, zibizwe ngenye indlela, futhi zinezimo ezifanayo kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, amabhange amaningi asifundile isifundo futhi manje ukuthola imali mboleko kunzima kakhulu kunakuqala. Eqinisweni, yize amabhange evulekele kakhudlwana ukubolekisa ngemali, "agcina umhlane wawo" ngeziqinisekiso noma izibalo eziqinisekisa ukuthi bazoyithola imali.