Ingxenye yamabhange ingumkhakha ohamba phambili ngokulingana kwamasheya kusukela ubukhona bawo bukhanga ingxenye enhle yabatshalizimali abancane nabaphakathi. Ngomsebenzi omkhulu wokushintshana kwezibambiso kuzo zonke izikhathi zokuhweba futhi okunquma ukuvela kwangempela kwenkomba ekhethiwe yemakethe yamasheya yaseSpain. Ngamagugu wokubaluleka kwe-BBVA, iSantander, iSabadell noma iBankinter eyehle kakhulu ezinyangeni ezedlule ngenxa yokwanda kwe-coronavirus. Noma kunjalo, akukwazi ukukhohlwa ukuthi eziningi zazo zihlanganisiwe njengeziphuphu eziluhlaza ezimakethe zezimali kanye nomthamo omkhulu wezivumelwano. Njengokuthi babonakaliswa ngokuba amanani agcwele uketshezi avumela ukungena nokuphuma ezikhundleni zabo kalula.
Umkhakha wamabhange ubuye ubonakale ngokuba yizinkampani ezinolaka ngokwengeziwe. Izimakethe zilindele ukuthi abalawuli behlise lokho abakubheka njengezinga eliphakeme lokungenelela emkhakheni, ukuphumula emazingeni ehlukene ebhalansi. Ukuba ngesinye sezici esidale ukuthi amanani abo alahlekelwe ukulinganiswa kwawo ezimakethe zezimali iminyaka embalwa. Yize selokhu kwasabalala i-coronavirus emhlabeni wonke kube nesimo esisha lapho amabhange, asevele enikele ngezinzuzo kulo nyaka, efuna iziqinisekiso ezithile zokuthi imali abayiboleka izokhokhiswa. Njengoba kunikezwe ubungozi bokuzenzakalelayo obenziwe kulo mongo omusha ojwayelekile.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, intengo yabo isiwile kwaze kwaba sezingeni lokwethula amanani amancane kakhulu ongawacabanga kuze kube ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule. Lapho ezinye zazo zingaphansi kweyunithi le-euro futhi zinethemba elincane lokweqa la mazinga ngamanani. Ngokunciphisa okubaluleke kakhulu kubatshalizimali abancane nabaphakathi abathathe izikhundla zabo ezimakethe zezimali zezwe lethu. Ngoba, ngokungeziwe, lo mkhakha usesimeni esicace phansi, futhi okubi kakhulu, yimigomo yonke: emfushane, ephakathi naphakathi. Ngokuthengiswa kwamanje akuvamile ukubonwa ngezikhathi zokugcina emakethe yamasheya futhi lokho sekuholele ekutheni bangabi yinto ekusebenzeni kwabasebenzisi bemakethe yamasheya.
Amabhange umkhakha omubi kakhulu ku-Ibex 35
Kunoma ikuphi, kunento eyodwa eqinisekile futhi lokho ukuthi umkhakha wezezimali mubi kakhulu ngonyaka maqondana nenkomba ekhethiwe yezimali eSpain, i-Ibex 35. Ngokuncipha okungaphezu kuka-35% kanti kwezinye izimo kungaphezulu Ama-50% asele. Ngamanye amagama, bekungeyona into enhle kubo bonke abatshalizimali abancane nabaphakathi. Lapho belahlekelwe khona kuze kube manje ingxenye enhle yokonga okutshalwe kula maqembu ezezimali. Ngaphezulu kweminye imikhakha efanele, njengokwakha, ugesi noma ubuchwepheshe obusha. Kulesi simo, asikho esinye isixazululo ngaphandle kokulinda ubone ukuthi lezi zinkampani ezibalwe ziguquka kanjani ukuze zikwazi ukuthengwa ngamanani ashintshiwe futhi ancintisanayo kunanamuhla.
Ngenkathi ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungakhohlwa ukuthi la masheya athwala izingozi eziphakeme kakhulu impela ngenxa yokuntengantenga kwawo okukhulu nokuthi ahamba phambili kuyo yonke imikhakha yemakethe yamasheya. Ngomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezintengo zayo eziphakeme nezincane futhi ezimweni eziningi kungaholela emazingeni azungeze u-5% nakwezinye izikhathi ngamandla amakhulu. Lesi yisimo esidangele kakhulu kubatshalizimali abancane nabaphakathi abanephrofayili yokuzivikela noma yokulondoloza abangakwazi ukuvumela lolu hlobo lokuguquguquka ezimakethe zezimali. Ngenkathi kwenzeka okuphambene nalokho, ilungele kakhulu abathengisi abangenza ukonga kwabo kube nenzuzo ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu. Mayelana nokuguqulwa kwemikhuba yabasebenzisi balesi sigaba semikhiqizo yezezimali.
Amanani wokujikeleza
Lesi sigaba sezinkampani ezifakwe kuhlu singesinye sezibalo ezinkulu ezilahlekile kulo nyaka njengoba amabhizinisi abo ehle ngamandla amakhulu. Ngokwehla kwaminyaka yonke okuzungeze ama-45%, okusho okuningi engxenyeni yokuqala yonyaka. Kepha asikwazi ukukhohlwa ukuthi lesi sigaba sezokuphepha sibonakala ngaphezu kwakho konke ngoba sisebenza kangcono ezikhathini zokukhula futhi siphansi kunesinye ezikhathini eziphindaphindwayo. Futhi ngakho-ke kulandela ngokuqinile lo mthetho ohlale ubonwa ezimakethe zezimali. Futhi ngakho-ke ngeke kube khona okunye abangakwenza ngaphandle kokugwema izikhundla zabo ngalesi sikhathi. Ngoba singase sibe nezinye izimanga ezingezinhle kusukela manje kuqhubeke.
Ngenkathi ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi ukuphepha okujikelezayo kuvame ukuhweba ngokungazethembi okukhulu kunezinye. Akumangalisi ukuthi lokhu kungenye yezimpawu zayo zobunikazi ezaziwa kakhulu nokuthi kufanele uhlaziye ukuze wazi ukuthi ukuwa kwayo kungaba namandla kangakanani bese ukhetha ukungangeni ezikhundleni zayo emakethe yamasheya. Ngokwalokhu kubuka, akukho okunye ongakwenza ngaphandle kokugwema ukuthatha izinqumo, okungenani maqondana nesikhathi esifushane. Ngalo mqondo, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi uma unamandla, umnotho uba namandla. Kepha njengoba umkhakha uba buthakathaka, njengoba kufakazelwa yimicimbi eholela kuleli phuzu, isimo singaba nzima kakhulu kubatshalizimali.
Linda okungenani isikhashana
Isu elihle kakhulu lokutshala imali abatshalizimali abanalo okwamanje ukulinda, ukulinda nokulinda. Abanakukhetha uma befuna ngempela ukuvikela izikhundla zabo kuleli banga lezokuphepha. Ngoba noma yikuphi ukwehla kwemali kungadala ukuthi bashiye ama-euro amaningi endleleni ngakho-ke kufanele benze okuthile ukubhekana nalesi simo esiyinkimbinkimbi abasethulwe kubo kulezi zinyanga eziyinkimbinkimbi ezimakethe zezimali futhi ikakhulukazi ukuphepha komkhakha. Ngaphezu kwalokho akukho okuhlukile kunoma yikuphi ngoba isici sobuchwepheshe siyinhlekelele kubo bonke ngakho-ke asivumeli amanani okuphepha aphephile ngaphakathi kwemakethe yesitoko efanayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufanele futhi sihlole iqiniso lokuthi le ngxenye yebhizinisi ihlushwa ubuthakathaka obukhulu. Azizintsha, kepha kunalokho bezilokhu zibahudula iminyaka ethile futhi lesi ngesinye sezizathu esenza ukuthi inani lazo emakethe yamasheya lehle eminyakeni emibili edlule. Kungcono ukulinda abambalwa ukuthi baqale ukuthenga amasheya ukuze kugwenywe izimo ezingafuneki zengxenye enkulu yabatshalizimali. Akumangalisi ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi ukungazethembi kukhuphukile futhi kungadala ukuthi izinzwa zivele ngendlela echazayo ezimweni esibhekene nazo ngalesi sikhathi sempilo yethu. Lapho ukuqapha kufanele kudlule kokunye ukucatshangelwa kobuchwepheshe.
Kuyini ukutshala imali?
Ukutshalwa kwemali kwevelu isu elisetshenziswa ngabantu abakhetha amasheya abonakala ngathi athengisa ngemali engaphansi kwenani lawo langaphakathi noma lencwadi. Abatshalizimali bevelu babheka amasheya lapho intengo yemakethe ingakhombisi ngokuphelele ukugeleza kwemali okuzayo kwebhizinisi. Laba batshalizimali ngokuyisisekelo bakholelwa ukuthi amasheya abakhethayo awabalulekile emakethe. Imvamisa bathenga ngonya amasheya ngasikhathi sinye njengoba abanye bethengisa ngawo, ngezikhathi zezindaba ezimbi, ukusebenza kabi, noma izimo zomnotho ezibuthakathaka. Kepha lapho abantu abaningi bejaha amasheya aphuma phezulu, abatshali zimali benza okuphambene: Bayathengisa.
Inani labatshalizimali ligxila esikhathini eside kunokuthola izinhloso zesikhashana. Ukucindezeleka emakethe ebanzi noma kwisisekelo sokulingana ngakunye yilokho okudala amathuba wabatshalizimali bamavelu ukuthi bathenge ngezaphulelo ezikhangayo. Umkhakha wamabhange ubucayi kakhulu kumjikelezo webhizinisi, okwenza ukuthi lithinteke kumanani entengo nokulinganisa okuheha abatshalizimali bamanani.
Umkhakha webhange
Umkhakha wamabhange noma wezezimali unezinkampani ezihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zezezimali kubathengi. Lokhu kufaka amabhange okuthengisa, izinkampani zomshuwalense, kanye nezinkampani zezinsizakalo zokutshala imali. Lo mkhakha unomthelela omkhulu emnothweni. Uma unamandla, umnotho uba namandla. Kepha njengoba umkhakha uba buthakathaka, njengoba kufakazelwa izehlakalo eziholela ekuCindezelekeni Okukhulu Komnotho, umnotho usuqala ukulandela. Ngakho-ke, umnotho onempilo futhi ozinzile udinga umkhakha oqinile wezezimali nowamabhange.
Amasheya amaningi kulo mkhakha akhokha izinzuzo, okuyinto abatshali bezimali abaningi abakholelwa ukuthi iyisibonakaliso esihle sekhwalithi yenkampani. Uma umlando wezabelo uqhubeka, kuba ngcono kumtshali-zimali, njengoba kukhombisa irekhodi elihle lempumelelo. Kukhombisa nokuthi inkampani inomlando wokunikeza abatshalizimali ingxenye ethile yenzuzo.
Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhashana isikhati eside
Umbono womtshalizimali wenani ungazwisiseka kangcono ngokuchazwa kwabatshalizimali abaningi abanolwazi oluningi emakethe yamasheya njengomshini wokuvota wesikhashana, kepha umshini wesisindo wesikhathi eside. Okushiwo yilo mfanekiso ukuthi esikhathini esifushane, amanani entengo anqunywa yimizwa nemibono yabahlanganyeli bemakethe. Kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, intengo iqhutshwa ukusebenza kwangempela kwenkampani.
UGraham uthathwa njengobaba wenani lokutshala imali, egcizelela ukugxila kuzisekelo zesikhathi eside zesitoko. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi amasheya asebhange mhlawumbe athinteka kakhulu kulawa mandla esikhashana esikhashana, uma kubhekwa amandla nobunjalo bebhizinisi, kungokwemvelo ukuthi abatshalizimali benani bakhangwe kulo mkhakha.
Inani labatshalizimali babheka amasheya ngenani eliphansi lentengo-kuya-inzuzo (P / E). Kwesinye isikhathi uma ibhizinisi lisenkingeni ngempela, lingahle lilahlekelwe yimali, okwenza lesi silinganiso sibe wusizo oluncane kunokuthengisa noma ama-margins amakhulu. Esinye isilinganiso senani isilinganiso senani lentengo (P / B). Inani lebhuku lenkampani libonisa inani lebhuku lenkampani ngemuva kokubalwa kwazo zonke izinhlobo zezikweletu.
Izitoko ezishisayo zokubhekana nemakethe yamasheya ehlobo
Lokhu ngokungangabazeki kuzoba ihlobo elingajwayelekile labatshalizimali abancane nabaphakathi naphakathi kwezimo ezivele manje.
Amabhange angabonakala njengamabhizinisi amahle kakhulu, futhi ngezindlela eziningi. Kodwa-ke, imibono eyisisekelo ngemuva kwemboni yasebhange nokuthi la mabhizinisi enza kanjani imali kulula ukuyiqonda. Unalokho engqondweni, nasi ukubuka konke kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamabhange, abanye abatshalizimali ababalulekile abadinga ukwazi, kanye namasheya amathathu amakhulu okuqala amabhange ukugcina kwi-radar yakho.
Izigaba ezi-3 zamabhizinisi asebhange
Amabhange ezentengiselwano: Lawa ngamabhange ahlinzeka ngezinsizakalo kubathengi nakumabhizinisi, njengama-akhawunti wokuhlola nawokonga, izimalimboleko zemoto, imali ebanjwayo, izitifiketi zediphozi, nokuningi. Indlela eyinhloko lapho ibhange lezentengiselwano lithola imali yalo ukuboleka imali ngenzalo ephansi ngokuqhathaniswa bese uyiboleka kumakhasimende ngezinga eliphakeme. Ngenkathi amabhange ezentengiselwano enza iningi lemali yawo kumholo wenzalo, amaningi futhi aqoqa imali engenayo ebalulekile emalini ekhokhwayo yemvelaphi yemalimboleko, imali eyengeziwe ekhokhiswayo kuma-ATM, nezimali zokugcina ama-akhawunti.
Amabhange otshalo-mali: Lawa mabhange ahlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokutshala imali kumakhasimende ezikhungo nakubantu abanamandla aphezulu okuthenga. Amabhange otshalo-mali yizinkampani ezisiza ezinye izinkampani ukuthi ziphumele obala ngokunikela kokuqala komphakathi, zikhiphe izibambiso zezikweletu futhi zeluleke ngokuhlanganiswa nokutholwa, futhi zithole amakhomishini azo zonke lezi zinto. Amabhange otshalo-mali nawo kaningi enza imali ngamasheya okuhweba, ukuphepha kwemali engaguquki, izimali, kanye nempahla. Bavame ukuba namabhizinisi okuphatha ingcebo futhi bavame ukuba nezikhundla ezinkulu zokutshala imali.
Amabhange e-Universal: Ibhange lomhlaba wonke linemisebenzi yamabhange yokuhweba nokutshala imali. Iningi lamabhange amakhulu aseMelika amabhange amakhulu. Ngenkathi amabhange ezentengiselwano athola iningi leholo lawo emholweni wenzalo kanye namabhange otshalo-mali ancike kakhulu emholweni wemali, amabhange wendawo yonke athokozela ukuxubana okuhle kwakho kokubili.
Lezi yizincazelo ezenziwe zaba lula. Amabhange anezinye izindlela eziningi zokwenza imali. Isibonelo, amabhange amaningi anikela ngamabhokisi ediphozi aphephile ukuze aqashise amakhasimende awo, kanti amanye enza imali ngokubambisana nezinkampani ezivela eceleni. Kodwa-ke, ekujuleni kwenhliziyo, lezi izindlela eziyinhloko amabhange enza ngazo imali.
Izenzo ezi-3 eziphezulu zebhange zokubeka iRadar yakho ngo-2020
Amakhulu amabhange ahwebelana ngokuhwebelana okukhulu kwe-US, futhi eza ngobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, izindawo, kanye ne-foci. Ngenkathi kukhona ezinye izinketho ezinhle endaweni yonke engatshala imali, nazi izitoko zebhange zokuqala ezintathu ezinganikeza ukubuyiselwa okuhle eminyakeni ezayo.
- I-Bank of America (NYSE: BAC)
- I-JPMorgan Chase (NYSE: JPM)
- I-US Bancorp (NYSE: USB)
Amamethrikhi abalulekile Abatshalizimali Bamasheya Ebhange
Uma ufuna ukutshala imali kumasheya ngamanye asebhange, nanka amanye amamethrikhi ongafuna ukuwafaka kuthuluzi lakho lamathuluzi:
Inani leNani leNcwadi (P / B): Imethrikhi yokulinganisa enhle ongayisebenzisa ngamasheya asebhange, inani lentengo kuya encwadini, noma i-P / B, ikhombisa ukuthi ibhange lihweba kangakanani maqondana nenani eliphelele lezimpahla zakho. Ingasetshenziswa ngokuhlanganiswa namamethrikhi enzuzo okukhulunywe ngawo ngezansi ukunikeza umbono ojwayelekile wokuthi amasheya asebhange ashibhile noma abiza kangakanani.
Ukubuyela ku-Equity (i-ROE): Izinyathelo zokuqala ezimbili zenzuzo ezivamile ezisetshenziswe ngamasheya asebhange, ukubuya ngokulingana yinzuzo yasebhange evezwe njengephesenti yabaninimasheya abanayo. Kukhuphuka ngcono; U-10% noma ngaphezulu uthathwa njengokwanele.
Ukubuyiselwa Kwezimpahla (i-ROA): Kuyinzuzo yebhange njengephesenti lezimpahla kubhalansi lazo. Isibonelo, uma ibhange lenze inzuzo engu- $ 1.000 billion ngo-2020 futhi lalinamafa ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama- $ 100.000, ukubuyiselwa kwalo kumafa kungaba yi-1%. Abatshalizimali ngokuvamile bafuna ukubona i-ROA ka-1% noma ngaphezulu.
Isilinganiso sokusebenza kahle: Isilinganiso sokusebenza kahle kwebhange yiphesenti elitshela abatshalizimali ukuthi yimalini ibhange elisebenzise ukukhiqiza imali engenayo. Isibonelo, isilinganiso esingu-60% sokusebenza kahle sisho ukuthi ibhange lisebenzise u- $ 60 ngayo yonke imali engu- $ 100 yemali etholakele. Isilinganiso sokusebenza kahle sitholwa ngokuhlukanisa izindleko ezingenanzalo (izindleko zokusebenza) ngemali engenayo iyonke, kanti okuphansi kungcono.