Abahlinzeki bomshuwalense londoloza amakhasimende abo € 47,90 nge-euro ngayinye abayabelwe ukuphenya amacala okungenzeka okukhwabanisa. Lesi ngesinye seziphetho zombiko. Inkohliso yomshuwalense waseSpain. Unyaka we-2018 osanda kushicilelwa Uphenyo Lokusebenzisana phakathi Kwezinhlangano Zomshwalense (ICEA). Ucwaningo lwenziwe ngemininingwane ethunyelwe yimishwalense engama-41. Lezi zinhlaka, ezinesabelo semakethe esingu-52%, zithole imizamo yokukhwabanisa engu-175.777 ngonyaka odlule, ezingama-20 njalo ngehora.
Lesi sibalo asihambelani inani eliphelele lokukhwabanisa kwenzeka eSpain ngo-2018, kodwa ikakhulukazi lezo ezibikwe ku-ICEA ngabahlanganyeli besifundo. Ukumelwa kwayo okuphezulu kuvumela, noma kunjalo, ukuthola iziphetho ezahlukahlukene ngalesi simo ezweni. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukukhwabanisa komshwalense kuyicala elimaza umphakathi wonkana.
Ucwaningo lukubeka kucace bha ukuthi imishwalense ixazulula izinkinga zabantu ngemali ekhokhwa ngamakhasimende abo. Ngakho-ke, lapho umkhwabanisi ephakamisa isimangalo esingalungile noma esinehaba, akwenzayo uzama ukuzicebisa ngokulimaza bonke abaninimigomo abathembekile. Kutholakala ukuthi kusuka ngo-2011 kuya ku-2017, ubugebengu obuncane babutholakala. Lokhu kushukumiseka kukhombise ukwanda kwemizamo yokukhwabanisa engeyona eyezobuchwepheshe. Kepha ngo-2018 imikhonyovu emincane isisimeme. Njengamanje, ngaphezulu kwesithathu (36,2%) semizamo yokukhohlisa etholakele ibandakanya izimangalo ezingaphansi kwama-euro angama-500 kanti izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu (63,8%) ezisele zibandakanye ukukhokhwa kwemali ephezulu.
Ukukhwabanisa okungaba kumshwalense
Idatha ye-ICEA ikhombisa ukuthi a Ama-62,8% wamacala okukhwabanisa atholakele Inikezwa kumshwalense wemoto. Ukuvelela kwaleli gatsha kungenxa yokuba khona kwalo okuphezulu. Akumangalisi ukuthi kuphoqelekile ukuthi izimoto zijikeleze nomshwalense. Imigqa yeSundry iqukethe eminye imizamo engama-30,3% yomkhonyovu. Ngaphansi kwalesi sigaba kunezinqubomgomo zasekhaya, zebhizinisi, zomphakathi, ze-SME nezomphakathi. Omunye u-5,8% wemizamo yokukhwabanisa uyenzeka empilweni, engozini nasezintanjeni zezempilo. Okungukuthi, kulokho okuthiwa umshwalense womuntu siqu. Ngenkathi kwenzeka okuphambene, ama-1,2% asele ahambelana neminye imigqa yebhizinisi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ucwaningo lukhombisa nokuthi utshalomali olumaphakathi olwenziwe ngumshwalense ekuphenyweni kobugebengu ngama-euro angama-247,90. Kodwa-ke, le nto iyahlukahluka kusuka kulayini webhizinisi kuya kolunye. Vuliwe umshuwalense womuntu siqu (impilo, ezempilo, ikhaya, njll.) izindleko ezijwayelekile ngama-euro angama-591,10. Okwamanje, kumshuwalense wemoto kufinyelela kuma-euro angama-379,50. Uphenyo lokuzama ukukhwabanisa emshuwalense wempahla kanye nesikweletu somphakathi lubandakanya ukutshalwa kwemali ngama-euro ayi-153,80. Ekugcineni, esigabeni esikhulu kakhulu "Eminye imigqa" le nto iba ngama-euro angama-475,90.
Buyisela emalini oyitshalile
Imbuyiselo emaphakathi ngophenyo ngalunye, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ekuqaleni kwalolu lwazi emkhakheni womshuwalense ezweni lethu, ngama-euro angama-47,90 nge-euro ngayinye etshaliwe. Kepha nalapha kukhona ukwehluka kuya ngohlobo lokukhwabanisa olucutshungulwayo. Ngenkathi kumshwalense womuntu siqu ukukhokhwa kwama-euro angu-181,60 kugwenywa nge-euro ngayinye esetshenziswe ocwaningweni, esigabeni esithi "Abanye" leli nani liphansi kakhulu: ama-euro angama-38.
Ngenkathi ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhlobo lokukhwabanisa oluzanywa ukukwenza luyehluka kuye ngohlobo lomshwalense. KwezimotoIsibonelo, izimangalo ezingalingani yilona hlobo oluvame kakhulu lokukhwabanisa. Ngokuqondile, lokhu kwenzeke kuma-37,4% wabakhwabanisi abahlaziyiweyo. Ukufihlwa kokulimala noma ukulimala okuvele kukhona kulandela ukubaluleka. Lokhu kwenzeka kwamanye amacala ayi-19,4% ahlaziyiwe. Ukuba yingxenye efanelekile ethinta izinkampani kuleli gatsha elibalulekile lomnotho waseSpain. Njengabasebenzisi abenza inkontileka yalesi sigaba semikhiqizo ukuqinisekisa, kungaba impilo yabo noma ezinye zezinto zabo ezibonakalayo.
Amakilasi omshwalense
Phakathi kwezinqubomgomo ezahlukahlukene, isigaba esifaka umshwalense wezingozi eziningi, okuvame kakhulu ukuthi kube izimangalo ezenziwe (28,2%). Okwamanje, imizamo yomshuwalense womuntu siqu (impilo, ingozi, noma impilo) ivame ukufihla ukulimala obekuvele kukhona noma umonakalo. Lokhu kwenzeka ku-51,9% wamacala okukhwabanisa kulesi sigaba. Esigabeni esithi "Abanye", ukufihlwa kwemonakalo esivele ikhona (26,7%) nezimangalo ezingalingani (25,1%) kuyabonakala.
Kunoma ikuphi, lo mkhakha onamandla amakhulu lapho cishe yonke into ingavikeleka. Kusuka kokuqukethwe yikhaya kuya ezifuyweni ezinabanikazi balo mkhiqizo womshuwalense. Konke lokhu, kuya ngezidingo zakho zangempela futhi esimweni ngasinye kuzoba ngokuhlukile. Yize ikhona eminye imizi engenayo inqubomgomo enenkontileka, icabanga ukuthi yonga imali eminyakeni ezayo. Ngaphandle kokunye ukucatshangelwa kobuchwepheshe okuxhunywe kumkhiqizo uqobo. Umkhuba oguqukayo eminyakeni yamuva ngenxa yokushintsha kwesiko yimindeni yaseSpain.
Umshuwalense wabasebenzi abazisebenzayo
Enye yezinto ezintsha esezintsha eminyakeni edlule ukuvela komshwalense wabasebenzi abazisebenzayo noma owaziwa kangcono njengabazisebenzayo. Ngenxa yobuthakathaka obukhethekile laba bantu abazithola bekubo nokuthi ngandlela thile badinga umkhiqizo owengeziwe womshwalense ongabavikela ngezikhathi ezithile ezimpilweni zabo. Ngokwezinga lokuthi amakhadi amaningi esikweletu aphethe umshuwalense walezi zici, noma ngabe ukhokha imali yenyanga leyo iphakathi kwama-10 no-30 euros. Ukunikela ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu njengoba zibekwa ngamabhange uqobo ngaphandle kwemvume yabasebenzisi.
Kunoma ikuphi, izinkampani zomshuwalense zinikeza umshwalense wengozi kulabo abazisebenzelayo ohlanganisa imishwalense emibili koyedwa njengasesiphakamisweni sangaphambilini, okungukuthi, ingozi nokugula. Kubandakanya ukumbozwa kokukhubazeka okuphelele kobuchwepheshe, kwanoma yimuphi umsebenzi wobungcweti, ofinyelela kuma-60.000 euros kanye nemali engenayo yenyanga yeminyaka eyi-8, ngokubuyekezwa konyaka okungu-3% kuze kufinyelele cishe kuma-euro angama-20.000. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanye abomshwalense banqume ukuthuthukisa le mikhiqizo ebekiwe, kulokhu ngokusebenzisa umshwalense wengozi walesi sigaba sobuchwepheshe. Lapho kufa khona ngengozi, ukukhubazeka unomphela kanye nokwesikhashana noma ukukhubazeka okuphelele noma okuphelele. Umnikelo omkhulu walesi siphakamiso ukuthi ngumnikazi uqobo lwakhe ongakhetha inani lenhlokodolobha.
Izembozo ongazikhetha
Kunoma ikuphi, kulesi sigaba somshuwalense wabasebenzi abaziqashile, kungavunyelwa ukumbozwa ngokuzithandela ukubasiza ukuthi bazivikele kusukela manje. Ngalo mqondo, abasebenzi abaziqashile bangathola inkontileka njengokuzikhethela okubizwa ngokuthi umshwalense wekhefu lokugula, ngalezi zimo ezilandelayo:
Ukulaliswa esibhedlela nganoma yisiphi isizathu: ngalokhu kufakwa ophethe inqubomgomo angathola enye imali uma, uma kwenzeka egula noma engozini, angeniswe esibhedlela okungenani amahora angama-24.
Ukuphela komsebenzi: Uma umuntu onomshwalense ezisebenza futhi enikela kwi-Self-Employed Social Security, Mutual, Montepío noma esikhungweni esifanayo njengoba kunqunywe ngumthetho, bazoqinisekiswa isinxephezelo sanyanga zonke sokuyekiswa kokuzithandela komsebenzi wabo.
Ukuvikelwa kokukhokha
Lesi sakamuva singenye yezinketho ezakhiwe ngenxa yokwesaba okuvela ezinkampanini zomshuwalense ukuthi amaklayenti azo ngeke akwazi ukukhokha imali yawo yanyanga zonke ngenxa ukwehla kwemali engenayo noma ngenxa yokuthi awenzi noma yimuphi umsebenzi wobuchwepheshe noma wokuhweba. Kwenzeka kaningi eminyakeni ngemuva kwenkinga yezomnotho eyenzeka phakathi kuka-2007 no-2012. Futhi lokho sekuholele ekuveleni kwalokhu kuthunyelwa okukhethekile kwabasebenzi abazisebenzayo.
Kunoma ikuphi, ukusetshenziswa kwalesi sigaba sezinqubomgomo kunikezwa lapho kusayinwa umuntu onentshisekelo. Futhi hhayi lapho kubekwa ngokwenziwa ngokusemthethweni kweminye imikhiqizo yasebhange. Njengesibonelo, ezimweni ezithile zamakhadi wesikweletu nawasebhange noma yiluphi uhlobo lwezezimali. Lapho kungaba khona ukusebenza lokho akusizi kakhulu ngezintshisekelo zabatshalizimali abancane nabaphakathi. Ukufika ezingeni lokuthi kungaba isenzo esenziwe elinye lamaqembu akha le nqubo. Ngenkathi kwezinye izimo, kufaka izindleko ezinkulu ezingaphezulu kokulindelwe yizinkampani zomshuwalense.
Ngenkathi ngakolunye uhlangothi, singekhohlwe ukuthi ukwenza umshwalense wenkontileka kungasho ukonga okukhulu uma kwenzeka noma isiphi isigameko esingavela nganoma yisiphi isikhathi futhi kunoma yisiphi isimo. Kwezinye izimo, ngamanani abaluleke kakhulu, njengoba kwenzeka ngemvamisa ethile nomshuwalense wasekhaya. Ngokwezinga lapho ungagwema ukukhishwa kwemisebenzi ethile ekhaya, okuyiyona nto emayelana nalokho. Ukufika ezingeni lokuthi kungaba isenzo esenziwe elinye lamaqembu akha le nqubo. Ngenkathi kwezinye izimo, kufaka izindleko ezinkulu ezingaphezulu kokulindelwe yizinkampani zomshuwalense.