I-Standard and Poor's ingenye yezimpawu ezibonisa amandla amakhulu okwamanje nangaphezulu kwezinye izimakethe zomhlaba jikelele ngemuva kokunwetshwa kwe-coronavirus. Amaphesenti ambalwa akhomba kangcono kunezinye iziphakamiso ezimakethe zokulingana emhlabeni jikelele. Vele, ayikafinyeleli emazingeni eNasdaq, kepha ngokubuyisela ikwazile ukumelana nethemba elikhulu ukuthengiswa kwamanje ezimakethe zezezimali. Ngakho-ke ukuba ngenye yezinketho ezitholakala kubatshalizimali abancane nabaphakathi ukwenza imali yabo etholakalayo ibe nenzuzo esikhathini esisele sonyaka.
IStandard and Poor's sehle ngo-16% kuze kube manje kulo nyaka, okungaphansi kakhulu kokulahlekelwa ezimakethe zezimali emazweni aseYurophu. Ngemuva kokuphakama kwesikhathi sonke kufinyelelwe ngaphambi kukaMashi kanye namanye ama-stock indices e-US. Ngamanye amagama, isenomkhawulo wokuzethemba kwabatshalizimali ezinyangeni ezizayo ukulimaza ezinye izinkomba ezwenikazi elidala. Futhi lokhu kuyinto efanelekile ukudala iphothifoliyo enengqondo futhi elinganiselayo kusuka manje. Ukuba kunoma yimaphi amacala elinye lamanothi afanele kakhulu abangele ukufika kwe-coronavirus.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abasezingeni kanye nabampofu basengabhekana nezinyanga ezizayo benethemba. Ikakhulukazi uma umuthi wokugoma wokubhekana ne-coronavirus ufika ezinyangeni ezizayo. Kuze kube seqophelweni lokuthi amanani enza le nkomba ebalulekile yesitoko angakhuphuka. Okungenani ukukhuthaza ukubuyekezwa kabusha phakathi kuka-10% no-20% futhi ngalokho-ke kungaba ngaphansi kweminyakazo yabatshalizimali abancane nabaphakathi. Ngalo mqondo, asikwazi ukukhohlwa ukuthi i-Standard and Poor's ingenye yezikhombisi eziqine kakhulu okwamanje yize kungazinzile okukhulu ekuguqukeni kwamanani ezokuphepha ezibalwe lapho.
Okujwayelekile nokwampofu: ekuholeni
Kunoma ikuphi, akukwazi ukukhohlwa ukuthi le nkomba emakethe yamasheya yaseMelika iyona esebenza kahle kakhulu kusukela ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli. Ngomkhuba ongakaze ube khona njalo selokhu wathonywa ukukhuphuka nokwehla kwezomnotho nakwezenhlalo. Ngalo mqondo, akungabazeki ukuthi iStandard and Poor's nayo yathathwa yisibalo samacala abantu abangenwe yigciwane. Ukuthi kukhombise ukungahambi kahle okuthile ngezikhathi zokugcina zokuhweba futhi lokho, ngemuva kwakho konke, esinye sezimpawu zayo kulezi zinsuku ezinzima kubo bonke abatshalizimali. Ngaphandle kwethrendi ephezulu eye esikhathini eside engazange yephulwe.
Ngenkathi ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubaluleke kakhulu futhi ukugcizelela iqiniso lokuthi imiphumela yezinkampani ezisohlwini lweStandard and Poor's ibingcono kunalokho obekulindelekile. Iqiniso eliholele ezinkampanini eziningi ezibalwe ohlwini liye lazisa esikhathini esifushane. Yize ngaphansi kwamamaki abuthakathaka angamemi ukuba athathe izikhundla ezinsukwini noma emasontweni alandelayo. Kepha okungenani kukhiqiza ithemba kakhulu kubatshalizimali abancane nabaphakathi abafuna ukubuyela ezimakethe zokulingana. Kepha akuyona inkambiso ejwayelekile, kepha kunalokho izokhubeka ngokuya ngemininingwane i-coronavirus emaka nsuku zonke. Lokho ukusho ukuthi, isimo esifaneleka kakhulu sokwenza imisebenzi ngasikhathi sinye sokuhweba ukuthola inzuzo esheshayo yemali, uma ukunyakaza ezimakethe zezimali kukuvumela.
Ngokunikezwa okuhlukahlukene kakhulu
Ngokwalolu hlobo lombono, akungabazeki ukuthi inkomba ye-Standard ne-Poor iyindlela enhle kubathengisi kulezi zingxoxo. Inikeza ukuvumelana okuningi kunezinye izimakethe zamazwe omhlaba futhi ngomkhuba oya phezulu, okungenani esikhathini eside esizayo. Ngenkathi ngakolunye uhlangothi, iqiniso lokuthi ekusebenzeni kwayo kunokuguquguquka okukhulu ekunyakazeni okwenziwayo ngeke kulibaleke nakho. Ngoba empeleni, inezenzo eziningi kunezinye futhi kukho konke lokhu ungakhetha amanani ahlukile ngokuya ngokuncamelayo ongahle ube nakho ngesikhathi esithile. Kokubili emikhakheni yendabuko kanye neyintsha, ngaphandle kwemikhawulo yokwenza isinqumo ekuthathweni kwezinqumo. Akumangalisi ukuthi inomunye weminikelo ehlukahlukene kakhulu kuzo zonke izimakethe zokulingana emhlabeni jikelele.
Izintengo zomlando we-Standard & Poor's 500 index index zingatholakala kumawebhusayithi afana ne-Yahoo Finance, kusetshenziswa i-GSPC ticker, noma i-Google Finance, nge .INX. I-Yahoo ingakwazi ngisho nokuhlela uchungechunge kusukela ngo-1950. Lezo zinombolo, namashadi azo ahambisanayo, ayasebenziseka ekuhloleni ukusebenza kwangaphambilini kwezimali zokulingana, ngoba inkomba ye-S & P500 ithathwa njengommeleli wemakethe yamasheya amakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ukutadisha inzuzo yangempela yemakethe, sidinga ukulinganisa kanye negrafu hhayi intengo kuphela, kepha nomphumela wokusatshalaliswa kwezabelo nokwehla kwamandla emali. Leyo yinhloso yalo msebenzi.
Inzuzo ephelele
Ngokuya ngeStandard & Poor's, ingxenye yokwahlukaniswa ibibhekele ukubuyiswa okuphelele kwenkomba okungu-44 eminyakeni engama-80 edlule. Uma sihlaziya inzuzo engokomlando yokutshalwa kwemali esitokisini, le ngxenye ayinakunakwa. Ngakho-ke, kuyathakazelisa ukufaka igrafu bese ulinganisa imbuyiselo ephelele (okungukuthi, ukwanda kwenani uma zonke izinzuzo ziphinde zatholwa) esikhundleni sokuvela kwentengo. Ishadi elilandelayo likhombisa ukusebenza komlando kwe-S & P 500 kusukela ngo-1950:
Ungawubona umphumela wokutshala imali ngedola eli-1 ngo-1950. Ijika eliwolintshi likhombisa umphumela wokuthola kabusha zonke izinzuzo (okungukuthi, imbuyiselo ephelele), kuyilapho ijika eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lingacabangi izabelo, ngakho-ke libonisa ukuvela kwentengo kuphela. Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, ukubuyiselwa kwemali yazo zonke izinzuzo kukhiqizwe cishe izikhathi eziyi-8 ukubuya. Qaphela ukuthi i-eksisi ye-Y ikalwe ngokwe-logarithm, ukuze kutholwe kangcono izitayela zangaphambilini.
Amathrendi ekwehleni kwamandla emali nokusatshalaliswa kwezabelo. Imishwana efana "nedola elitshalwe ngo-1926 kungaba ngama- $ 3000 namuhla ivame ukuzwakala ngaphandle kokubheka iqiniso lokuthi idola elisuka kowe-1926 alihlobene kangako nedola lango-2009. Ukuhlola kahle ukuthi ingakanani engatholwa ngokutshalwa kwezimali esitokweni isikhathi eside, umphumela wokukhuphuka kwemali kufanele ukhishwe etafuleni, kulungiswe imiphumela ephakathi nendawo ngokuya ngenkomba efana ne-Consumer Price Index ekhishwe yi-United States Department of Labour.
Amashadi amakhulu akhombisa ukwehla kwamandla emali ngonyaka, kanye namanani okusatshalaliswa kwezabelo minyaka yonke. Kuzo zombili, ezinye izitayela ezithakazelisayo zingabonakala:
Abahlaziyi abaningi bezezimali bakhathazeke kakhulu ukuthi izinkampani ezimbili ezinkulu kakhulu zenkomba, i-Apple neMicrosoft, ngayinye inesisindo esikhulu ku-S & P 500 kunezimboni ezithile. I-Apple neMicrosoft i-akhawunti ngayinye icishe ibe ngu-4,5% wenani lemakethe le-S & P 500. Lokho kuphakeme kunezisindo zezinsiza zamandla, izinsiza, izindlu nezakhiwo zezinto eziyisisekelo.
Lapho abatshalizimali beqala ukulayishwa ngokweqile emkhakheni, lokho akupheli kahle. Abahlaziyi abaphezulu baphawule ezingxoxweni zokuxhumana nabantu ukuthi lokhu kulandelwa ukucabanga kwepakethe. Futhi ukhathazekile ukuthi ukulinganiswa kwamasheya abaluleke kakhulu manje sekuphakeme kakhulu.
Bamba amaphasiphothi wakho. Isikhathi sokubheka amasheya phesheya, phela yisikhathi sokubheka amasheya aphesheya. Mayelana nalokhu, abahlaziyi baphawule ukuthi, ngaphezu kokulinganiswa okuphezulu kwetheknoloji ngo-2000, amasheya ezezimali akha ingxenye enkulu ngokungenakulinganiswa yenkomba ngo-2007, ngaphambi nje kokuphela kweLehman Brothers kanye ne-Great Recession. Izitoko zamandla nazo zaziphakeme ngokungajwayelekile ngo-2008 ngaphambi kokuba kwehle intengo kawoyela.
"Ukugxila kwamanje kulo mkhakha akusona isibikezelo sembubhiso eseduze, kodwa kunalokho kuvusa abatshalizimali ukuze bazi ngobungozi obungenzeka obucatshangwa iqiniso lokuthi 'ungumnikazi wemakethe", kuphawulwe embikweni. Abatshalizimali abasafuna ukuvezwa kwemakethe ebanzi bangabheka kwezinye izimali nama-ETF aphethe izinkampani ze-S & P 500 - nge-twist.
Ezinye izinkomba ze-ETF zemali zisalele emuva kwe-S & P 500. Isibonelo esikhulu sokuphathwa kwemali, i-Invesco, inesisindo esilinganayo se-S & P 500 ETF (RSP). Njengoba igama liphakamisa, isikhwama sithatha wonke amasheya asenkombeni sizilinganise ngokulinganayo. Futhi kukhona enye i-ETF ephenya inkomba. Ama-ETF achazayo aphatha i-US Reverse Large Cap ETF (RVRS), ebeka izinsimbi eziphakeme kakhulu ezinkampanini ezincane.
Thenga amasheya
Ngabe sikhona isizathu sokuqhubeka nokuba nesabelo esisodwa? Ngeshwa, zombili lezi zimali zisilele ukusebenza kwenkomba ye-S & P 500 eminyakeni yamuva. Ngenkathi ukulinganiswa kwamasheya ngokulinganayo kuphothifoliyo kungenza umqondo othile, kunzima ukwedlula yonke imakethe lapho umkhakha owodwa udlula yonke eminye.
Isu lokufaka imali eningi ezinkampanini ezincane ze-S & P 500 libukeka linamaphutha ngokuyisisekelo. I-ETF yemali ebuyiswayo njengamanje inesisindo esiphezulu kubathengisi abacindezelekile iL Brands (LB), iGap (GPS), iNordstrom (JWN) neMacy's (M). Isizathu sokuthi babe namanani amancane emakethe? Zonke izitoko zayo zehle ngonyaka owedlule.
Unalokho engqondweni, abatshalizimali bangadinga ukumamatheka nokubamba lapho bethenga isikhwama esijwayelekile senkomba. Yebo, banokuchayeka okuphawulekayo ku-quintet yezinkampani zobuchwepheshe. Kepha abahlaziyi abaningi bakuthethelele ukusebenza okuqinile kwezenzo zayo. “Ukuba nobuchwepheshe obuningi kuyakhathaza okungafanele kushaywe indiva. Kukhona ukuqhathanisa okwenzeka ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990. Kepha kumele sikuqonde ukuthi lezi zinkampani zithola inzuzo engenhla ngaphezu kwesilinganiso sezinga nenzuzo ezweni elingenakho ukukhula, "kusho uTimothy Chubb, isikhulu esiphezulu sezotshalomali eGirard.
U-Chubb wengeze ukuthi ukukhulisa imali emakethe enesisindo kuyindlela engcono kunokubeka amasheya enkombeni ngentengo yesitoko, njengoba kwenza iDow, ikakhulukazi uma inikezwe isilinganiso sayo esiphakeme: I-Boeing (BA), eyehle ngo-15% ngonyaka odlule phakathi kokuphahlazeka kuka-737 Max cishe unyaka owedlule. Izinkampani ezinkulu kunazo zonke zaseMelika zibandakanyeke ngokujulile emnothweni wase-United States, nasemhlabeni wonke. Izinkampani zaseMelika ezingama-500 ezidayiswa esidlangalaleni, abadlali abaphambili ku-S & P XNUMX Index, zifakiwe lapha kanye nemisebenzi yazo, ama-logo, kanye nezixhumanisi eziwusizo.
Ilogo yeNew York Stock Exchange. E-United States, izinkampani zidayiswa esidlangalaleni ngokuhwebelana kwamasheya ukuthola imali yabatshalizimali ezimakethe zamasheya. Ngokuzibophezela ekuthobeleni imithethonqubo ebekwe yiSecurities Exchange Commission - SEC -, lezi zinkampani zithola ukuthi amasheya azo abhalwe ohlwini lwamasheya, izikhungo eziphethe ukuqinisekisa izimo zemakethe ezanele zamasheya okuhweba.
E-United States, ukuhwebelana kwamasheya okuyinhloko okubili kuqinisekisa izimo ezanele zemakethe zokuhwebelana okuqhubekayo kwamasheya ezinkampani ezingamakhulu: iNew York Stock Exchange - i-NYSE - neNasdaq Stock Exchange, ngokulandelana amasheya. Enkulu kunazo zonke neyesibili ngobukhulu e-United States nezwe.
Inkomba ye-S & P 500, inkomba ebanzi kakhulu
Ukukala ukusebenza kwamasheya ase-US kanye nokuhlola ukuvela kwezimakethe zezimali kanye nomnotho wase-US, amasheya ezinkampani ezingama-500 ezidayiswa esidlangalaleni e-US ahlanganiswe enkombeni ye-S & P 500, eyaziwa nangokuthi ifana ne-S & P. Le nkomba enesisindo sosonhlamvukazi, enikeza isisindo esithe xaxa ezinkampanini ezinkulu, ithathwa njengesinye sezilinganiso ezingcono kakhulu emakethe yamasheya yase-US nakwezomnotho wase-US wonkana.
Ngokuya ngamasheya ezinkampani ezingama-500, i-S & P inesisekelo esibanzi kunezinkampani ezingama-30 ezakha iDow Jones Industrial Average, yize izinkampani eziningi zeDow nazo ziyizinto ezinkulu ze-S & P. I-S & P nayo inemikhakha nezimboni eziningi ezibanzi kunezinkampani ezakha i-Nasdaq Composite Index, ethambekele kakhulu emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe.
Ukuthola uhlu oluphelele lwezinkampani eziphezulu ezingama-500 zase-US ezakha i-S & P 500 Index, nolwazi oluthe xaxa mayelana nenkampani ngayinye, hlola ispredishithi sethu se-Excel sezinkampani eziphezulu ezingama-500 zase-US.
Ukukusiza ukuthi ufunde kabanzi mayelana nalezi zinkampani, imininingwane yezinkampani ezinkulu zase-US ezingama-30, okuyizindawo eziphezulu ezingama-500 zenkomba ye-S & P 7, ihlanganiswe ngezansi.Inkampani ngayinye ibhalwe ohlwini lokuthunyelwa kwemikhakha emincane kanye nezimboni ezingaphansi, imisebenzi, ukwenziwa kwemali emakethe , ukuxhumana okuqondile newebhusayithi yakho, ilogo kanye nesimboli yesitoko Izinkampani zihlukaniswa ngemali yazo emakethe kumadola ase-United States, kusukela ngovalo olusebenzayo ngoLwesihlanu, ngoFebhuwari 2020, XNUMX.
Khumbula ukuthi uma ufuna imininingwane kulezi zinkampani ukuze utshale imali kumasheya akho, qiniseka ukuthi uyazi ukuthi wenzani, njengoba utshalomali lwakho luzoba sengozini enkulu ngokuvela kwamanani amasheya. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngokutshala imali emakethe yamasheya nokuphatha iphothifoliyo yakho, bheka okuthunyelwe kwethu kwizifundo ezinhle kakhulu eziku-inthanethi zokutshala imali nokuhweba ngamasheya, kanye nalezi zincwadi ezithengwa kakhulu zokufunda ukuthi ungatshala kanjani imali ezimakethe zamasheya.
Izinqamuleli zayo yonke inkampani
Ukusheshisa ukuzulazula kwakho kulolu hlu olude, nazi izixhumanisi ezisheshayo zokugxumela ngqo emininingwaneni yanoma yiziphi izinkampani eziphezulu ezingama-30 ku-S & P 500. Qiniseka ukuthi ubheka futhi ukufingqwa kwezinkampani eziyishumi eziphezulu ku-S & P 10 ngemuva uhlu! Akunakulibaleka ukuthi ngalo mqondo, iStandard and Poor's ingenye yama-indices anamandla kakhulu okwamanje. Ngamanani alandelayo kuzenzo zawo ongazibeka kuzo kulezi zikhathi zalo nyaka eziyinkimbinkimbi ngenxa yokuvela kwe-coronavirus.
Boeing
Wells Fargo
I-PepsiCo
I-Comcast
Cisco Systems
I-Chevron
Pfizer
I-Merck & Co.
Verizon
Inkampani yeCoca-Cola
Disney
Idepho yasekhaya
I-ExxonMobil
I-UnitedHealth Group
AT & T
Intel
Ibhange laseMelika
I-Procter & Gamble
Mastercard
i-walmart
UJohnson noJohnson
JPMorgan Chase
show
Berkshire Hathaway
alfabhethi
Amazon
Apple
Microsoft