Ngokuphikisana nalokho abantu abaningi abakukholelwayo, igolide akuyona insimbi ebiza kakhulu emakethe, okungenani hhayi njalo. Eqinisweni, i-palladium, eyeqembu le-platinum, lidlule inani legolide ngo-2002 futhi futhi ngo-2019. Kodwa yini eyenza i-palladium ibaluleke kakhulu kunegolide?
Uma unesithakazelo kule nsimbi, ungaphuthelwa le ndatshana. Sizochaza ukuthi iyini, itholakalaphi, isetshenziselwani nokuthi kungani inani layo lidlula lelo legolide, kufaka phakathi amanani aphezulu kakhulu afinyelelwe yi-palladium.
Yini i-palladium?
Uma sikhuluma nge-palladium sibhekisa entweni yamakhemikhali enombolo yayo ye-athomu ingama-46. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inengqikithi yamaphrotoni angama-46 ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus yayo namanye ama-electron angama-46 azungeza nxazonke. Njengoba inani lama-proton nama-electron lilingana, inani lokushaja okuhle nokubi liyalingana, okwenza i-athomu enenkokhiso kagesi engathathi hlangothi isiyonke. Ukuthola i-palladium etafuleni lezikhathi ezithile, kufanele sibheke uphawu Pd. Le element yamakhemikhali ingeyeqembu le-platinum enenani lezinsimbi eziyisithupha ezinezakhiwo ezifanayo kakhulu zemvelo.
Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, i-palladium ibithathwa njengensimbi eyigugu ngenxa yombala wayo wesiliva nokuntuleka kwayo. Kodwa-ke, okuyinikeza ngempela inani layo yizakhiwo zayo kunokuvela kwayo:
- Ayigqwali lapho ihlangana nomoya.
- Iyathamba futhi ithambile.
- Eqenjini le-platinum, iyinsimbi encane kakhulu futhi iphuzu layo lokuncibilika liphansi kunezinye.
- Ingamunca uH2 (i-hydrogen yamangqamuzana) ngobuningi obukhulu.
Kungenxa yamandla ayo okuthola i-H2 ukuthi i-palladium ivame ukusetshenziselwa okokuvuselela izimoto, ngoba iyakwazi ukumunca kuze kube ngaphezulu futhi ingabi ngaphansi kwezikhathi ezingama-900 ivolumu yayo.
Ngabe ipalladium itholakalaphi emvelweni?
Njengoba sesishilo, i-palladium yinto engavamile. Ngokwemvelo kuvame ukutholakala ngezinhlobo zama-alloys nezinye izinsimbi eziseqenjini elilodwa, lelo leplathinamu. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-rhodium noma i-ruthenium, i-platinum uqobo, futhi iphinde yahlanganiswa negolide. Noma kunjalo, inkinga enkulu ukuthi kuyadingeka ukucubungula inani elikhulu lamaminerali ukuze kutholakale noma inani elincane le-palladium. Lobunzima bokuyithola buqhubeka bukhuphula inani layo.
Ngokuqondene nokufakwa okuningi, kutholakala ezintabeni zase-Ural. Ngalesi sizathu akumangazi ukuthi I-Russia ikhiqiza cishe i-50% yayo yonke i-palladium emakethe yomhlaba. Ama-50% asele asatshalaliswa ezimayini kwamanye amazwe: Australia, Canada, United States, Ethiopia naseNingizimu Afrika.
Kukhona futhi enye indlela yokuthola i-palladium kusuka kudoti wephethiloli wenuzi. Lokhu kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwama-fission reactors enuzi. Noma kunjalo, le nqubo ifaka izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lemisebe, ngakho-ke ayisetshenziswa.
Iyini ukusetshenziswa kwepalladium?
IPalladium inezicelo eziningi ezibalulekile indima yazo emhlabeni wezimoto evelele. Abakhiqizi bezimoto bafaka i-ceramic mesh yama-catalysts ngale nsimbi. Lezi zinguquko eziguqukayo zitholakala kuzo zombili izimoto zikadizili nophethiloli. Ngenxa yepalladium nezinye izinsimbi eziseqenjini leplathinamu, izimoto zixosha ukungcola okungabuthi kangako, njengoba bewaguqula abe yi-carbon dioxide nomhwamuko wamanzi.
I-Palladium nayo iyinsimbi eyaziswa kakhulu kumthengi we-elekthronikhi ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo. Lezi yizicelo zalo kulo mkhakha:
- Ingxubevange ngesiliva: Kuyabandakanyeka ekwakhiweni kwama-electrode ama-capacitors atholakala kumadivayisi amaningi kagesi esiwasebenzisa nsuku zonke, njengamabhodi womama wamathelevishini, amakhompyutha nemishini yomsindo.
- Nickel Ingxubevange: Isetshenziswa njengokumboza kwalezo zindawo lapho kuthintwa khona izinto zikagesi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-palladium isetshenziswa kuma-panels wokushisela, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisetshenziselwa ubucwebe ngokuqina kwayo nokuqina kwayo. Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza leli sici elinalo lihlukile kunegolide elimhlophe nezitshalo, ezithombeni ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthuthukiswa kwamafilimu nasensimini ye-electrochemistry ngenxa yekhono layo elimangalisayo lokumunca i-hydrogen ngobuningi.
Ukuhlangana okubandayo
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ososayensi abaningi baphendukele ku-palladium ukuze babonise ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kube khona ukuhlangana okubandayo. Kodwa kuyini lokhu? Kuyindlela enhloso yayo ukuthi phinda wenze umthombo ongathola kuwo amandla amaningi ngobuningi be-atomic nuclei ngaphansi kwezimo zokucindezela kanye nokushisa okufana nendawo ejwayelekile. Njengamanje, imishini yokuxuba yenuzi ososayensi abazama ngayo idinga iplasma esetshenziselwe ukufinyelela ezingeni lokushisa cishe ngama-degree ayizigidi ezingama-200. Yindlela kuphela yokuthola inani elikhulu lamandla likhishwe.
Ngokusobala kuyinselele impela ukuphatha i-plasma ngalelo zinga lokushisa, kungasaphathwa wonke amandla okumele abekwe ukuze uwashise kakhulu. Lokhu yikho kanye ososayensi abafuna ukukugwema ngokuhlangana okubandayo. Indima ye-palladium kule nqubo ibalulekile ngoba ikhono layo lokuthola i-hydrogen engaka ekamelweni lokushisa lingadala ukuthi, ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele, ukuxhumana kwenuzi okuqine ngokwanele ukukhipha amandla, ngokwethiyori.
Yize bekunamacala lapho abanye ososayensi bethi bakwazile ukuphinda bahlanganise ukuhlangana okubandayo, besebenzisa i-palladium, lezi zivivinyo bezingakwazi ukwenziwa kabusha ngamanye amaqembu ocwaningo. Lesi sici sibalulekile kubo ukuthi babhekwe njengokufanelekile. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lusaqhubeka futhi mhlawumbe impumelelo ethile izotholakala eminyakeni embalwa ezayo.
Igolide vs. I-Palladium: Yini ebiza kakhulu?
Manje njengoba sesazi ukuthi i-palladium isezandleni zamazwe ambalwa, ukuthi iyindlala, yenzelwa ini nokuthi ukucutshungulwa kwayo kubiza kakhulu, akunzima ukuqonda ukuthi kungani iyinsimbi ebiza kangaka. Ekupheleni, ukunikezwa kuyindlala ngenkathi isidingo siphezulu, futhi lokho kuhumusha emakethe ngentengo ephezulu.
Kwakusekuqaleni kukaJanuwari 2019 lapho i-palladium yakwazi ukudlula igolide ngentengo. Lokhu akukaze kwenzeke kusukela ngo-2002, ngakho-ke kuyamangaza impela. Kepha kungani likhiphe igolide ngokweqile? Kulula kakhulu: Umhlaba uya ngokuya ugxile ekwehliseni izinga lokungcola, ikakhulukazi kusuka ezimotweni.
IPalladium iyinsimbi eyisisekelo yalo msebenzi. Ama-automakers alandisa ukusetshenziswa okungaphezulu futhi okungekho ngaphansi kuka-80% wokusetshenziswa kwe-palladium. Ngenxa yezinyathelo ezithathwe ohulumeni abaningi, ikakhulukazi ezaseChina, kuqiniswe imithethonqubo yokungcola kwezimoto. Ngakho-ke, abenzi bezimoto baphoqeleka ukusebenzisa i-palladium eyengeziwe ekukhiqizeni izimoto. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe i-85% yale nsimbi yenzelwe izinhlelo zokukhipha izimoto. Lapho, indima ye-palladium ukusiza ukuguqula ukungcola okunobuthi kube umusi wamanzi onganabungozi kangako nesikhutha.
Ukuvela kwePalladium
Lapho i-palladium iqala ukukhuphuka futhi ifinyelela igolide ngo-2019, liphindwe kabili ngenani ezinyangeni ezimbalwa nje. Ekuqaleni konyaka, ngoJanuwari 2019, intengo yemakethe yale nsimbi yafinyelela kuma-dollar angama-1389,25 aseMelika. Ngemuva konyaka, ngoFebhuwari 2020, inani layo liphindwe kabili, lafinyelela kuma- $ 2884,04 aphezulu. Njengoba besishilo phambilini, lokhu kukhuphuka ngesihluku kwaqondana, noma kunalokho, kwaba umphumela wesinqumo sikahulumeni sokuqinisa ukulawulwa kokungcola okubangelwa izimoto.
Ezinyangeni ezilandelayo intengo yehle kancane futhi, kepha isabonisa elinye iphuzu eliphezulu lapho ibifanele ama-US $ 3014,13 muva nje, ngo-Ephreli 2021. Kusukela namhlanje, singo-Agasti walo nyaka, inani lalo lizungeze ama-2600 kuye kuma-2700 dollars , ukushaya igolide ngamadola ayinkulungwane, oscillations abo ezinyangeni ezisanda kwedlula bebebuthakathaka obukhulu ngokuqhathanisa. Ngenkathi isilinganiso seminyaka emibili edlule se-palladium sifana ne- $ 2067,87, leyo yegolide ingu- $ 1669,02, umehluko omkhulu.
Kepha kungumbono omuhle yini ukutshala imali ku-palladium? Kwazi bani. Kungahle kube wumqondo omuhle uma ubheka isidingo esikhulu salolu daba nokutholakala kwalo futhi kunzima ukukuthola. Lezi zici ngeke zishintshe maduzane. Kodwa-ke, sekuvele kufinyelele entengo ephezulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi siphuthelwe yilesi sitimela. Ekugcineni, akunakwenzeka ukubikezela okuzokwenzeka ngokuqiniseka okuphelele. Manje njengoba sesiliqonda kangcono inani le-palladium, kuzoba lula ngathi ukunquma ukuthi sifuna ukutshala imali kulolu daba noma kungcono sikuyeke kube njalo.