I-GDP ngezwe

Kukhona eziningi izinkomba zokusebenza kweminotho yamazwe. Kuzo zonke, ifayela le- izinkomba ezingcono kakhulu ezincike ekukhiqizweni kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo okuphelele ngonyaka wezwe nezinsizakalo zezomnotho noma, njengoba abanye bekubiza kanjalo ungeze umkhiqizo.

Lokhu kukalwa yi umkhiqizo ophelele wasekhaya (GDP) noma inani eliphelele lemakethe lazo zonke izimpahla zokugcina nezinsizakalo ezikhiqizwa ezweni phakathi nonyaka. I-GDP ifaka izimpahla nezinsizakalo ezikhiqizwa ngaphakathi kwemingcele yezwe, ngezinsizakusebenza ezinikezwa izakhamizi zalo.

Ngakho-ke, i-GDP yaseSpain ayifaki nje kuphela inani lazo zonke izimoto zakwaSeat ezikhiqizwa embonini yaseMartorell, kodwa nezimboni zakwaRenault, noma ngabe lo mkhiqizo kungowaseFrance naseSpain, ngokulandelana.

El I-GDP ilinganisa inani lemakethe lokukhiqizwa konyaka, okusho, ngokwezinga lazo lemali. Lokhu kufanele kube njalo uma sifuna ukuqhathanisa amasethi ezimpahla nezinsizakalo ezikhiqizwa eminyakeni ehlukene futhi sibe nombono wenani lazo elihlobene nencazelo yabo bonke.

Uma izwe likhiqiza osofa abathathu namakhompyutha amabili ngonyaka woku-1, namawolintshi amabili nama-aphula amathathu ngonyaka wesi-2. Imuphi kule minyaka emibili owakhiqiza kakhulu? Kuyadingeka ukubeka inani elijwayelekile kumkhiqizo ngamunye bese uqhathanisa inani lokukhiqiza lonyaka ngamunye ukuze wazi ukuthi ngabe i-GDP yehlile noma yakhula ngonyaka 2. Lokhu sizokubona ngemuva kwesikhashana.

Isidingo sokugwema ukubalwa kwezimali okuningi ku-GDP yamazwe

Ukukala ngokunembile i- I-GDP yamazwe, kuyadingeka ukuthi kubalwe kanye kuphela zonke izimpahla nezinsizakalo ngonyaka othile.

Iningi lemikhiqizo lidlula ezigabeni ezahlukahlukene zokukhiqiza ngaphambi kokufika emakethe. Ngaleso sizathu, ezinye izingcezu kungenzeka ukuthi sezivele zinokuvakasha, futhi okungenani umcimbi owodwa usuthengiswe kabusha. Ukugwema ukuphindaphindwa kokubalwa kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo, i-GDP ibala kuphela izimpahla zokugcina futhi ishiya izimpahla eziphakathi.

I-Los Izimpahla zokugcina izimpahla nezinsizakalo umthengi azithola ukuze azisebenzise ekugcineni hhayi ukuthengisa kabusha noma ukubanikeza inqubo eyengeziwe yokukhiqiza noma yokukhiqiza. Yizimpahla ezithengwa ukusetshenziswa.

Izimpahla ezingumlamuli yizimpahla nezinsizakalo umthengi azithola ukuzithumela enqubweni yokukhiqiza noma ezophinde ithengiswe.

El Inani lezimpahla zokugcina yilezo ezibalwa kwi-GDP, ngenkathi izimpahla eziphakathi nendawo zingafakwanga ekubalweni kwe-GDP yezwe. Kungani? Ngoba amanani ezimpahla eziphakathi nendawo asevele efakiwe kunani lokuhle kokugcina. Ukube bebengafakwa ngaphandle, bekungabalwa inani lezikhathi ezingenakulinganiswa, kukhuphule i-GDP, futhi kwenziwe ukubalwa kwayo kungabi nalutho futhi kungabi nalutho.

Ubuso obubili be-GDP yamazwe: ukusetshenziswa kwemali kanye nemali engenayo

Manje ake sibone ukuthi Inani lemakethe lomkhiqizo ophelele, noma ngenhloso yethu, iyunithi elilodwa lomkhiqizo. Ake sikhumbule isibonelo esivela ezigabeni ezimbalwa ezedlule: ulilinganisa kanjani inani lekhompyutha?

Singasungula ukuthi umthengi noma umsebenzisi wokugcina ukhokha malini. Noma singangeza imali engenayo: amaholo, irenti, inzalo nenzuzo ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi kwenziwa ikhompyutha.

Izindlela zomkhiqizo wokugcina nezengezwe ngevelu ziyizindlela ezimbili zokubona into efanayo. Okuchithwa kumkhiqizo kutholwa njengemali engenayo yilabo abafaka isandla ekukhiqizeni kwayo.

Isibonelo, uma i- € 350 isetshenziswa kukhompyutha, leso samba esingu- € 350 yimali engenayo etholakale ekukhiqizweni kwayo. Ngakho-ke, uma udiliza izinkampani ezinikeze izingxenye nezinsizakalo, kanye nomenzi wazo, zizofinyelela ku- € 350.

Ngokusobala, uma inani lokugcina lekhompyutha liphakeme kunezindleko, kunenzuzo, futhi uma inani lingaphansi kwezindleko zalo zokukhiqiza, kukhona ukulahleka. Kwenzeka okufanayo nge-GDP yamazwe: kunezindlela ezimbili zokuyibuka.

Enye ukukubona njengoba isamba sazo zonke izindleko zomkhiqizo ophelele, lokho kwaziwa ngokuthi 'indlela yokusebenzisa imali'. Eminye imibono ye-GDP ngokuya kwemali etholwayo noma ekhiqizwayo kusuka ekukhiqizweni kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo, eyaziwa ngokuthi 'indlela yomholo noma yesibonelelo', noma 'indlela engenayo'.

Kulungile-ke Singalinganisa i-GDP yamazwe ngezindlela ezimbili: ukungeza konke okusetshenziselwe ukuthenga ikhompyutha, noma ukufaka yonke imali engenayo etholwe ngumthengisi othenge kuye ikhompyutha, isibonelo.

Kepha zombili ziyingxenye yesibalo sokulingana, okungukuthi, okusetshenzisiwe kuyinzuzo kulabo abenze umkhiqizo, kungaba ngabasebenzi bakho, ingcebo noma imali yokutshala imali.

Ukuze kuthembeke ekulinganisweni, amazwe athola imininingwane eminingi kakhulu kuma-ejensi ezibalo kazwelonke, aqoqa, ahlele futhi alinganise konke kusuka kuningi lemithombo, bese enza izibalo ngokuya ngemigomo yomhlaba.

Umbandela wamazwe omhlaba wokulinganisa i-GDP yamazwe ikuhlelo Lwama-Akhawunti Kazwelonke, elungiselelwe yi-International Monetary Fund, i-European Commission, ne-Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, i-United Nations Organisation ne-World Bank.

ESpain, ophethe ukukala i-GDP yangempela neyoqobo (iphuzu elilandelayo), yi Izibalo Isikhungo Sikazwelonke.

I-GDP yangempela yamazwe

Into eyodwa abantu abafuna ukuyazi ngomnotho wabo ukwazi ukuthi ngabe IGDP yezwe ikhule noma yehlile. Kepha ngenxa yokuthi i-GDP ibalwa ngokwemigomo, okungukuthi, imakethe yamanje, izinkathi ezimbili azikwazi ukuqhathaniswa ngaphandle kokulungisa kahle isikhathi ngasinye. Lokhu kulungiswa kwenziwa nge-inflation.

para bala i-GDP "yangempela", inani layo elilinganiselwe kufanele lilungiswe kubhekwe nezinguquko zamanani entengo ukuze kwaziwe ngempela ukuthi izwe selikhule yini noma cha, nokuthi malingakanani. Ithuluzi noma inqubo esetshenziswa kabanzi ibizwa nge- 'price deflator', ukulungisa intengo I-GDP yokuqokwa ngamanani ahlala njalo.

I-GDP yamazwe ibaluleke kakhulu, ngoba isinika imininingwane ngosayizi womnotho nokuthi uziphatha kanjani. Izinga lokukhula kwe-GDP yangempela isetshenziswa kaningi ukuthola impilo ejwayelekile yomnotho wezwe. Ngokuvamile, uma i-GDP ikhula, itolikwa njengophawu lokuthi umnotho wezwe wenza kahle.

Uma i I-GDP ikhula ngamandla, imisebenzi kungenzeka inyuke njengoba izinkampani zifunwa kakhulu, kufanele zenze amafemu amaningi futhi abantu babe nemali eningi ngoba banemisebenzi.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ngabe Izinkontileka ze-GDP, imvamisa ukuqashwa kuyancipha ngoba imboni yezwe kufanele inciphise ukulethwa kwayo. Kwezinye izimo, i-GDP iyakhula, kepha hhayi ngokushesha noma ngokuqina ngokwanele ukudala imisebenzi eyanele kubantu abayifunayo, njengoba kunjalo ezweni lethu namuhla.

Abanye ochwepheshe bezomnotho baqinisekisa ukuthi I-GDP yangempela ihamba ngemijikelezo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi: Iminotho ibhekene nezikhathi zokuqina, kwesinye isikhathi ukukhula kuhamba kancane, njengokuthi "ukwehla kwezomnotho" okudumile yi-United States ngemuva kokuhlaselwa kwe-Iraq, futhi kwesinye isikhathi, ukwehla komnotho kwenzeka, okwenzeka lapho i-GDP iwela kabili ilandelana izinyanga.

ISpain, ngokwesibonelo, ibhekane nezikhathi ezahlukahlukene zokwehla komnotho kusukela ekuguqulweni:

1. Ukusuka kwikota yesibili ka-1992, kuya kwikota yesithathu ka-1993, lapho ikhule khona ngo-0,9%
2. Kusuka kwikota yokuqala ka-2008 kuya kwikota yokuqala yonyaka ka-2010
3. Ukusuka kwikota yesibili yonyaka wezi-2011 kuya kwikota yesithathu yonyaka wezi-2014, lapho ikhule ngo-0,1%. Lesi bekuyisikhathi eside ngokweqile kwentando yeningi eSpain.

Lokho i-GDP yamazwe ayisitsheli khona

Ekugcineni: kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi yini i- I-GDP yamazwe ayikwazi ukusitshela. I-GDP ayisona isilinganiso sezinga lempilo noma inhlalakahle yezwe.

Yize izinguquko kufayela le- ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo kumuntu ngamunye (i-GDP ngomuntu ngamunye) kuvame ukusetshenziswa njengesilinganiso sokuthi ngabe isakhamuzi sezwe siphila kangcono noma esibi, ayithathi izinto ezibhekwa njengezibalulekile enhlalakahleni ejwayelekile.

Isibonelo: ukwanda kwe-GDP kungasho inani elikhulu lokungcola kanye nokulimala kwemvelo, noma izinga lomsindo ezihlokweni zamazwe, ukunciphisa isikhathi samahhala noma ukungakwazi ukuhlanganisa impilo yobungcweti neyomndeni, ukukhathala imithombo yemvelo evuselelekayo, njll.

Izinga lempilo lincike nokuthi isatshalaliswa kanjani iGDP phakathi kwabahlali bezwe, hhayi ezingeni elijwayelekile.

Ukulungisa lezi zinto, iZizwe Ezihlangene zibala i-Human Development Index, ehlukanisa amazwe hhayi nje kuphela nge-GDP, kepha futhi isuselwa koku: isikhathi sokuphila, izinga lokufunda, ukulingana phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane, ukuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi bezingane, ukungalingani kwamaholo, njll.

Kunezinkomba eziningi zokulungisa konke lokhu kuhlangene ne-GDP, kepha akukwazanga ukusungula eyodwa eyamukelwa umhlaba wonke njengesilinganiso sokulinganisa.