Ukuba kukho isihloko esishushu eluntwini, ayisiyonto ngaphandle kweendawo zerhafu. Ngokukodwa, ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga irhafu yeyiphi eyona ichaphazela kakhulu abarhafi. Kuba ngaphezulu kwako konke sisenzo esibonakalayo sobumbano kwaye sinenxalenye encinci yoluntu njengabona baphambili beli nyathelo njengezinto ezingaqhelekanga. Kungenxa yokuba kwelinye icala, akufuneki silibale ukuba ayikho indawo enye yerhafu, kodwa uninzi ngakumbi kunoluvo loluntu.
Ukuwuqonda lo mbandela werhafu ontsonkothileyo, akukho nto ilunge ngaphezu kokwazi kubunzulu bayo yonke intsingiselo yayo. Ewe, iindawo zokurhafisa sisizwe okanye ubume bejografi obonakala bumiselwe okanye ngokukodwa irhafu ephantsi. Kwaye zisetyenziswa yinxalenye yoluntu efuna ukubona kuncitshiswa irhafu ekufuneka beyihlawule ngokomthetho wamazwe abo. Kwanele ukukhumbula ukuba ngokwemibutho eyahlukeneyo yamazwe aphesheya ngoku kukho iindawo ezingama-50 zerhafu ezisasazeke kwihlabathi lonke, nkqu nakumazwe angalindelwanga ngabafundi ngokwabo.
Enye yeentsingiselo ezinazo iirhafu ezinokuthi ziqondwe ngcono ngabasebenzisi kukuba ziindawo ezinemithetho yerhafu kodwa eziyekelelayo kumsebenzisi. eyona ntlawulo irhafu. Apho inokumiselwa njengendawo yokuhlala esemthethweni yabantu bendalo okanye yomthetho. Ngeyona njongo yokuhlawula irhafu encinci, eyona nto iphambili ngayo. Esi sesinye sezizathu zokuba kutheni ingumxholo ophikisayo njengabanye abambalwa. Kungenxa yokuba, ukongeza, imali eninzi isemngciphekweni kwiindawo ezibizwa ngokuba ziindawo zokurhafisa. Ngowuphi umxholo ekuxoxwa ngawo ngalo mzuzu. Ngaphaya kokunye ukuthathelwa ingqalelo kwezomthetho kwanakwindawo yokuziphatha.
Iindawo zerhafu: ukhangela ntoni?
Inye kuphela into ecace gca kwezi ndawo zikhethekileyo kwaye eyona nto ifunwayo ngaphezulu kwako konke kukuhlawula imali encinci kunokuba kufanelekile ukuseka ngokusemthethweni kwilizwe lakho. Nokuba yeyiphi na, ichaphazela onke amazwe ehlabathini kwaye inokuchaphazela abemi baseSpain, baseMelika, baseJapan okanye nabuphi na ubuzwe. Ukusuka kule meko ngokubanzi, kukho into ekufuneka uyithathele ingqalelo ukusukela ngoku. Yile nto ibhekisa ekungafumanekiyo kwezi zenzo zokuziphatha ezingathandekiyo abanye abantu abazikhethayo kwiminqweno yabo ephambili yokonga imali eninzi kwiiakhawunti zabo zobuqu okanye zosapho.
Kwelinye icala, impembelelo enayo iiakhawunti ngokubanzi zelizwe. Ukuya kwinqanaba lokusilela ukuqokelela izigidi kunye nezigidi zeerandi minyaka le. Kuyinyani etyhiliweyo, ngelishwa, unyaka nonyaka. Akumangalisi ukuba, yinyani engenakuphikwa enokubonakala mihla le. Ukusuka kule meko ixhalabisayo ephuhliswayo kuwo onke amazwe ehlabathi. Kungenxa yokuba ayisiyo-monopoli yelizwe elinye, kodwa ngokuchaseneyo, ngokupheleleyo konke. Ukusuka kwesona sisityebi kuye kwesona sincinci siphuhlileyo kwilizwe lonke
Athini la maziko erhafu?
Ngeli xesha kuza isihloko esilindelwe ngabafundi bonke kwaye asiyiyo enye ngaphandle kwamazwe okanye iindawo zejografi eziqwalaselwe ngokufanelekileyo njengendawo yokuhlawula irhafu. Ewe, ekubeni besitsho ngaphambili ukuba bafikelela kwinani leendawo zokufikela ezingama-50, zikhona ukubetha ngakumbi kunabanye kwaye banokukothusa ngendlela ekhethekileyo ukusukela ngoku ukuya phambili.
Kuba, eqinisweni, ekupheleni kwe-2017 abaphathiswa bezoQoqosho kunye nezeMali kwi-European Union babeke uluhlu olumnyama lweendawo zerhafu yenziwe ngamazwe ali-17, phakathi kwazo kukho iPanama, iTunisia, iSouth Korea, i-United Arab Emirates okanye iMongolia, phakathi kwezinye zezona zibalulekileyo. ISpain, ngokuchaseneyo, inoluhlu lwayo, ngokungqongqo ngakumbi kubandakanya amanye amazwe. Ngokukodwa, uluhlu lunamazwe angama-48 kwaye namhlanje icandelo lawo liqhubeka kule meko. Ngayiphi na imeko, iAndorra, iNetherlands Antilles, iAruba, iBahamas, iBarbados, iUnited Arab Emirates, iJamaica, iMalta, iTrinidad neTobago, iPanama, iSan Marino kunye neSingapore.
Iiparadesi njengeendawo ezingaqhelekanga
Ngayiphi na imeko, enye into ebetha ngokukodwa yeyokuba kubhekiswa kwiindawo ezithile ezingaqhelekanga ezithathwa njengendawo enkulu yerhafu ngalo mzuzu. Ewe amagama abo asemilebeni yomntu wonke kwaye akukho nto inzima kakhulu ukuba ungayazi I-Fiji, i-Solomon Islands, iJersey okanye i-Isle of Man Ngaba ezinye zeeparadesi ezivelayo ngaphakathi kolu luhlu lunzima lweendawo ezimiselwe ukuphepha irhafu. Ngokubanzi kuthungelwano lweenkampani ezithile, kodwa ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ngabantu abanethamsanqa elikhulu.
Kwelinye icala, kulunge kakhulu ukuba uyazi ukuba ngokwengxelo ephuhliswe yi-NGO Intermon Oxfam ibonisa ukuba imali ehanjiselwe kwezi ndawo ikhuphukile kule minyaka idlulileyo Iibhiliyoni ezingama-24 zeerandi. Eli nani lingummangaliso liqinisekisa ukuba iindawo ekuthiwa ziindawo zokurhafisa zihambisa phantse isinye kwisithathu seMveliso yaseKhaya yeHlabathi (i-GDP). Imali, ke, engenakusetyenziswa ekugqibeleni kuphando, ngezixhobo zentlalo, kwezempilo okanye kwezinye iindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu kubahlawuli berhafu kwilizwe ngalinye elichaphazelekayo sesi sibetho semali.
Zibonelela ngantoni ezi ndawo?
Alithandabuzeki elokuba ezi ndawo zibonelela ngesisombululo kwiingxaki zerhafu yabantu abanamandla amakhulu okuthenga kwiiakhawunti zabo. Akumangalisi ukuba esi sisicwangciso esisetyenziselwa ukutsala imali yezona zinamandla kwezoqoqosho emhlabeni. Ukusuka kule meko ngokubanzi, iindawo zerhafu ngokungathandabuzekiyo zibonelela ngeyona ndlela ikhuselekileyo yabo izicwangciso zokucwangcisa irhafu. Ukuqhutywa ngokufanelekileyo kwizicwangciso zabanye abacebisi bezemali abangathembekanga. Ukuza kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokuba bacebise abathengi babo ukuba baye kula macandelo ehlabathi apho umthwalo werhafu uphantsi kakhulu. Okanye kunelisekile ngokupheleleyo ukukhusela umdla wakho wemali.
Kwelinye icala, eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokusebenzisa esi sicwangciso zezinto ezibizwa ngokuba ziinkampani ezingaselunxwemeni. Kananjalo bavumela iimfuno ezisesikweni ukuba zenziwe ngeyure ezimbalwa kakhulu ukuze babe nonyango olungcono lwerhafu ukusukela ngoku. Kwaye bayasebenza naphina emhlabeni, kubandakanya iSpain. Kuninzi, okanye kunokuba kugqithise, imali eya kula maqonga ngenjongo yoku hlawula imali encinci ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Ngale ndlela, ulwazi oluthile kumajelo eendaba lukhomba kwithamsanqa elikhulu elikhethe esi sicwangciso sokubaleka. Ngamagama afanelekileyo asemilebeni yabo bonke abafundi.
Umahluko phakathi kwala mazwe
Ngayiphi na imeko, akukho mathandabuzo ukuba ayizizo zonke iindawo zerhafu ezifanayo. Akukho kuncinci kuba kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwabo. Ukuza kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokuba bakhuphisane ukutsala indawo elungileyo enkulu Inkunzi evela kwihlabathi liphela. Apho ezinye iindawo ezikhethekileyo ezihlawula irhafu yeshishini zibonakala ngokubaluleka kwazo, njengeJersey, iPanama okanye iLiberia. Ngelixa ngokuchaseneyo, kukho ezinye ezibonelela ngeemodeli ezibizwa ngokuba zixubeneyo kunye nomthombo wazo ophambili sisiqithi esifana neCayman. Nangona kunjalo uluhlu lunokuba lude kakhulu kwaye lube ludineke ngabafundi ngenxa yobude balo.
Kananjalo iindawo zokubhankisha azilibaleki, njengakwiimeko ezithile zaseLuxembourg okanye eSwitzerland, ezenzelwe iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamashishini okanye amaqela abantu. Nokuba ivela kwiindawo ezikwi-European Union, ngaphandle kokugxekwa ziiarhente ezahlukeneyo zentlalo. Kwelinye icala, loo nto baziphethe kakuhle, nangona inxenye elungileyo yokusebenza kwayo kunye nokuthengiselana kusemthethweni kwasekuqaleni. Kwintoni eye yaba yenye yeengxoxo ezinkulu kule minyaka idlulileyo. Ndityala igama elibi lokuba iindawo zerhafu zinazo ngoku.
Kuthekani ngeenkampani zaseSpain?
Okokugqibela, enye yezona zinto zinomdla kubarhafi baseSpain ziziphumo ezinazo kwiinkampani ezidweliswe kwiimarike zezabelo. Ewe, kule ngqiqo, kwaye ngokwe-Corporate Responsibility Observatory, i-86% yeenkampani ezingama-35 ezinkulu zaseSpain, ezidweliswe kwisalathiso sikazwelonke esikhethiweyo, i Ibex 35Banoluhlobo oluthile lwenkxaso kwiindawo zokurhafisa. Into abayiphumezayo ukusuka kwizicwangciso zabo zeshishini kwaye iyinyani efumanekayo kubo bonke abarhafi, nangona ukwaliwa kwabo uninzi. Ngayiphi na imeko, iindawo zokurhafisa yenye yezona zihloko zishushu kwimilebe yoluntu olukhulu. Ngaphandle kolunye uthotho lokuqwalaselwa kwezentlalo.