Yintoni i-IMF

Ngokuqinisekileyo oko Ngaba ukhe weva nge-IMF, nokuba kumabonwakude, kumaphephandaba, kunomathotholo ... Ngumzimba obaluleke ngokufanelekileyo, kodwa yintoni i-IMF?

Apha ngezantsi siza kukuxelela ukuba loluphi uhlobo lweziko ezingqinelana nalo, yintoni umsebenzi walo kunye neminye imiba eya kucacisa ngakumbi into eyenzayo.

Yintoni i-IMF

Okokuqala kufuneka uyazi ukuba I-akhronimi i-IMF ibhekisa kwi-International Monetary Fund. Ingumbutho othathwa njengongundoqo wenkqubo yezemali yamazwe ngamazwe. Ngamanye amazwi, sithetha ngequmrhu eladalwa phantsi kweZizwe eziManyeneyo elalifuna ukuzinzisa ngokwezimali onke amazwe.

Ngaba yenziwe ngamazwe angama-184 indima yawo ikukusebenzela ukukhuthaza intsebenziswano yezemali yehlabathi, oko kukuthi, ukuba onke amazwe asebenzisana ukuze kubekho ukulingana phakathi kweemali. Kodwa ikwanoxanduva lokuqinisekisa uzinzo lwezezimali, urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, ukukhuthaza imisebenzi kunye nokukhula koqoqosho.

Ukufezekisa konke oku, amazwe ngokwawo kufuneka alandele izikhokelo ezisekwe yi-IMF. Yaye bakwenza njani oko? Ngokuhlaziywa kwemithetho yezoqoqosho.

Xa kwakudalwa i-IMF

I-IMF, okanye i-International Monetary Fund Yadalwa phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-40, ngokukodwa ngowe-1944, xa inkomfa yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yayibanjelwe eUnited States. (nguJohn Maynard Keynes kunye noHarry Dexter White). Inkomfa eyaziwayo yezivumelwano zeBretton Woods (elapho yayibanjelwe khona), yacebisa isivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe apho amazwe angaphezu kwamashumi amane ahlanganisene apho agqiba ekubeni atyikitye, ekubeni yayiluncedo ukusebenzisana kwezoqoqosho kwinqanaba lehlabathi ngenjongo yokuthomalalisa iimpembelelo zokuDodobala okuKhulu.

Nangona kunjalo, asikwazi ukutsho ngokusesikweni ukuba i-IMF yadalwa de kwangoDisemba 1945, xa yasekwa ngokusesikweni, kulo mzekelo kunye namazwe angama-29 atyikityayo, kungekudala emva kwe-15 ngaphezulu ajoyine, okwenza amalungu angama-44 ewonke.

Ngaloo ndlela, ubukho balo mzimba bazalwa ngenxa yokuba benzelwe ukuba libe liziko eliza kulawula inkqubo yezemali yamazwe ngamazwe, kungekuphela nje kwiintlawulo zamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa kunye namazinga otshintshiselwano lweemali zelizwe. Ngale ndlela, babenesixhobo sokuphepha iintlekele, ekubeni bacebisa - yaye bacebisa amazwe ukuba athabathe amanyathelo afanelekileyo ezoqoqosho ukuze aphephe iintlekele okanye iingxaki ezinkulu.

Okwangoku, kwaye ukususela ngo-1948, i-IMF inezinga elifanayo lokuqatshelwa njengamanye amaziko, njenge-WHO, i-UNESCO, i-FAO ...

Indlela i-IMF kunye neBhanki yehlabathi yahluke ngayo

Yazi ukuba zombini i-IMF kunye neBhanki yehlabathi zinemvelaphi efanayo. Bobabini bazalwa ngaphandle kweNkomfa yaseBretton Woods kwi-1944. Nangona kunjalo, bajongana nezihloko ezahlukeneyo.

Ngexesha IBhanki yehlabathi izimisele ukusebenzisana namazwe asakhasayo ize izame ukunciphisa ubuhlwempu Kuzo, ukwandisa ukuchuma, into eyenziwa yi-IMF kuzinzisa inkqubo yezemali yamazwe ngamazwe.

Ngamanye amazwi, iBhanki yeHlabathi ijongene nokunikezela ngenkxaso-mali, iingcebiso kunye noncedo lobugcisa; Kodwa yi-IMF eyenza imali-mboleko kwaye ibeke iliso kuqoqosho.

Ngubani owenza iNgxowa-mali yezeMali yaMazwe ngaMazwe

Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, i-IMF yenziwe ngamazwe angamalungu ali-184, kwaye ngalinye kuwo linomelo. Enyanisweni, banayo:

• IBhodi yeeRhuluneli. Apho amazwe angamalungu amelwe khona. Oku kuhlangana kanye ngonyaka kunyula irhuluneli ebameleyo, kunye nerhuluneli engomnye (ukuba lowo wangaphambili akanakusebenza). Akanaxanduva kuphela kwimibandela ebalulekileyo yomgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho, kodwa kunye nokudlulisela loo miba kwiBhodi yabaLawuli abaLawulayo.
• IBhodi yesiGqeba. Apho kukho abalawuli abaphezulu abangama-24. Ichotshelwe nguMlawuli oLawulayo we-IMF kwaye badibana malunga namaxesha amathathu evekini, kwiiseshoni zakusasa nasemva kwemini, nangona ngamanye amaxesha iintlanganiso zinokubanjwa rhoqo. Kula malungu, iMelika, iJamani, iFransi, iJapan, iChina, iUnited Kingdom, iSaudi Arabia neRussia zinezihlalo zazo, ngelixa i-16 eshiyekileyo yonyulelwa isithuba seminyaka emibini.

Ixhaswa njani ngemali i-IMF

Nangona sithetha ngentlangano yezemali ejongene nokuzinza kwemali yehlabathi, inyaniso kukuba, ukuze yenze umsebenzi wayo, kufuneka ibe nemithombo yemali. Kodwa uzifumana phi?

El I-International Monetary Fund inemithombo yayo, eziziintlawulo ekufuneka ilungu ngalinye lizihlawulele ukuba lilungu leli qumrhu. I-quota ayiyona into emiselweyo kodwa ibalwa ngesiseko selizwe ngalinye kwaye isekelwe ekukhuleni koqoqosho lwalo (i-GDP ihlalutya kwaye ihlaziywa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emihlanu). Ngaloo ndlela, ilizwe elinokukhula okungcono kakhulu liya kuhlawula ngaphezu kwelona lincinci.

Nangona kunjalo, lo mthombo asiyiyo yodwa esetyenziselwa ukuxhasa ngemali i-IMF. Kukho iinketho ezininzi ezifana nezi:

• Ukubanjwa kwetyala, oko kukuthi, ukukwazi ukuba luhlobo "lwebhanki" ukufumana inzuzo yokuboleka imali.
• Izivumelwano zemali-mboleko. Ngokukodwa, sithetha ngeentlobo ezimbini:

• • Izivumelwano Jikelele zokufumana imali-mboleko (eyaqala ngo-1962).
  • Izivumelwano ezitsha zemali-mboleko (uhlaziyo lwezo zangaphambili ezasekwa ngo-1997).

I-International Monetary Fund iwanceda njani amazwe

Omnye wemibuzo edla ngokubuzwa ngabaninzi kukuba i-IMF iwanceda njani amazwe. Kwaye kukuba phakathi kwemisebenzi ebesikhe sathetha ngayo kuwe ngaphambili, enye yazo kukubonelela ngenkxaso-mali kumazwe.

Ngamanye amazwi, sithetha ngayo I-IMF ngokwayo inokunika uncedo kunye nemali-mboleko kumazwe xa engakwazi ngamatyala awo. Kwaye uyenza njani? Ngokukunika amandla okuphembelela imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho. Oko kukuthi, babolekisa imali logama nje uluhlu lweenjongo, iimfuno kunye notshintsho kumgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho lwenziwa, kodwa hayi ukuze kuxhamle umbutho, kodwa ukuzama ukucoca, ngandlela thile, uqoqosho lwelizwe, ukuze luphumelele. ungaxhomekeki kwimali-mboleko yabanye.

Njengoko ubona, ukwazi ukuba yintoni i-IMF kulula, kwaye ngandlela-thile iba ngumbutho obaluleke kakhulu kuzinzo lwezoqoqosho kuwo onke amazwe ehlabathi (okanye phantse onke, ekubeni kuphela i-184 ye-193 ekhoyo kuzo zonke iya kuhlanganiswa. () Ihlabathi).

Ngaba sele icacile kuwe ukuba yintoni na, imisebenzi, inkxaso-mali kunye neyona miba ibalulekileyo ye-International Monetary Fund?