UWarren Buffett uhlala engomnye wabantu abazizityebi emhlabeni, ene-net ezixabisa i-80,8 yezigidigidi nge-Okthobha ka-2019. Oku kumenza abe ngumntu wesithathu osisityebi emhlabeni. UBuffett ubambe umnatha wakhe ubukhulu becala kwizitokhwe eBerkshire Hathaway naseBerkshire Hathaway, inkampani yotyalo mali ayisekayo. IBerkshire Hathaway isebenza njengemoto yakho yotyalo mali, ukutyala imali kwizinto ezinje ngestokhwe, izindlu nomhlaba kunye namandla ahlaziyekayo.
Nangona kunjalo, uBuffett wayenesiqalo esithobekileyo, esime ngendlela ajonga ngayo ukulawulwa kwemali. Wazalelwa e-Omaha, eNebraska, ngo-1930, kwaye isixeko besilikhaya lakhe ukusukela oko.
Ukusebenza njengomthengisi wotyalo-mali, wayenobuchule bokutyalomali kwaye ekugqibeleni wakha iBerkshire Hathaway kwinkampani namhlanje. Uhlala kwindlu awayeyithengile ngo-1958 nge-31.500 yeedola.
EBerkshire Hathaway
Uninzi lobutyebi bukaWarren Buffett lubotshelelwe kwipotifoliyo yotyalo-mali yaseBerkshire Hathaway. Iingxelo ezisuka ku-2004 ukuya ku-2019 zibonisa ukuba izabelo zikaBuffett kwizabelo zeBerkshire Hathaway zizabelo ezingama-350.000 zeklasi A kunye nezabelo ezingama-2.050.640 zeklasi B. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje uBuffett unikele ngesixa esikhulu sezabelo zakhe kwisisa. Iirekhodi zayo zamva nje ze-13-D zibonisa ukubanjwa kwazo kwizabelo zeklasi A kwizabelo ezingama-259.394 kunye nezabelo zeklasi B zazo ezingama-65.129. Ukusukela nge-Matshi 13, 2020, i-BRK.A yayithengisa nge- $ 289.000 kunye ne-BRK.B nge-196,40 yeedola.
Ixabiso likaBuffett laliyi- $ 1 yezigidi kuphela xa wayeneminyaka engama-30, ubukhulu becala ibandakanya isitokhwe saseBerkshire Hathaway. Ngokutyala imali kwamaziko, waphakamisa isitokhwe senkampani ukusuka kwi- $ 7,60 ngee-1960 ukuya kwinqanaba lanamhlanje. Oku kunyuka okubonakalayo kwexabiso lesabelo kungoyena mqhubi uphambili wokunyuka kweBuffett kwixabiso elifanelekileyo kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo.
UWarren Buffett uthenge izabelo zakhe zokuqala eneminyaka eli-11 ubudala, izabelo ezithandathu kwiidola ezingama-38 nganye kwinkampani ebizwa ngokuba ziiCities Service Preferred, awayeyithengisile kwiminyaka embalwa kamva kwiidola ezingama-40.
Iphothifoliyo yesitokhwe
Ukongeza ekukhonzeni njengo-Mongameli kunye ne-CEO yase-Berkshire Hathaway kwaye engomnye wabanini zabelo, u-Buffett usebenzisa inkampani njengeyona moto yakhe ephambili yotyalo-mali, eqhuba intengiso yakhe kunye nokuthengwa kwestokhwe njengemicimbi yeshishini. Le potfoliyo yenza uninzi lotyalo-mali kwi-equity.
Umtyalomali waziwa ngengeniso kunye nendlela yexabiso kutyalo mali, kwaye iphothifoliyo yakhe ibonisa umbono wakhe. Ukusukela nge-31 kaDisemba ngo-2019, ipotifoliyo yaseBerkshire Hathaway yayixabisa malunga ne-194.910 yezigidigidi zeedola. Ubunzima beepotifoliyo obukhulu babuse-Apple (AAPL), iBhanki yaseMelika Corp (BAC), kunye neCoca-Cola Inkampani (KO). Xa zidityanisiwe, ezi nkampani zintathu zenza ama-56% ezibonda.
Njengepesenti yotyalo-mali kwi-equity, iBerkshire Hathaway ngoyena mtyali mali mkhulu kwezemali kwi-38%, kulandele i-26% kwitekhnoloji kunye ne-15% kubhengezo lwabathengi. Amanye amacandelo kwiphothifoliyo abandakanya abasebenza kwezamashishini, ukujikeleza kwabathengi, ukhathalelo lwempilo, amandla, iinkonzo zonxibelelwano, izinto ezisisiseko kunye nomhlaba nezindlu.
Iinkampani ezixhasayo
Ukongeza kwizitokhwe, iBerkshire Hathaway yaziwa njengenkampani ebambeleyo. Inkampani ineenkxaso-mali ezingama-65 ezijolise kwi-inshurensi nakwizindlu nomhlaba. Ezinye zenkxaso-mali yazo zibandakanya i-GEICO Auto Insurance, iiClayton Homes, kunye neeCandies zikaWona.
Khuphisana ngaphandle komngcipheko nge- $ 100.000 ngemali eyiyo. Yenza urhwebo kwindawo ebonakalayo ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukubeka emngciphekweni imali yakho. Ziqhelanise neendlela zokurhweba ukuze xa ukulungele ukungena kwimarike yokwenyani, ubukhe wanendlela oyifunayo. Zama i-stock simulator yethu namhlanje.
Ingcebiso yotyalo-mali kaWarren Buffett ayinasiphelo. Ndiphulukene nenani leempazamo zotyalo-mali endizenzileyo kule minyaka idlulileyo, kodwa phantse zonke ziwela kwenye yeebhakethi zeengcebiso zotyalo-mali ezili-10 uWarren Buffett anika apha ngezantsi.
Ngokugcina iingcebiso zotyalo-mali zikaBuffett engqondweni, abatyali mali banokuphepha eminye yemingxunya eqhelekileyo eyenzakalisa ukubuyisa kunye nokubeka emngciphekweni iinjongo zezemali.
Iingcebiso zotyalo-mali ezivela kuW. Buffett
Emva kokucingisisa okuninzi, ndaye ndazinza kwiingcebiso zam zotyalo-mali endizithandayo ezili-10 kuluhlu olungezantsi. Yonke into ebubulumko ixhaswe okungenani sisinye seengcaphuno zikaWarren Buffett kwaye iluncedo kubatyali mali abafuna ukufumana isitokhwe esikhuselekileyo. Masingene ngaphakathi.
1. Tyala imali kwinto oyaziyo… hayi enye into.
Enye yeendlela ezilula zokwenza impazamo enokuthintelwa kukuzibandakanya kutyalo-mali oluntsonkothileyo.
Uninzi lwethu luye lwachitha lonke ikhondo lethu lokusebenza lisebenza kungagqithanga kwimizi-mveliso eyahlukeneyo.
Mhlawumbi sinokuqonda okuqinisekileyo malunga nokuba zisebenza njani ezi marike kwaye zeziphi ezona nkampani zibalaseleyo kwindawo.
Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lweenkampani ezithengisa esidlangalaleni ziyabandakanyeka kwimizi mveliso apho sinamava amancinci okanye singenawo ngqo.
"Ungaze utyale imali kwishishini ongaliqondiyo." -Warren Buffett
Oku akuthethi ukuba asinakho ukutyala imali kwezi ndawo zentengiso, kodwa kufuneka sisondele ngononophelo.
Ngokoluvo lwam, uninzi lweenkampani zisebenzisa amashishini ekunzima kakhulu ukuba ndiwaqonde. Ndiza kuba ngowokuqala ukukuxelela ukuba andinakuxela kwangaphambili impumelelo yenkampani yeziyobisi ye-biotech, ndiqikelele inkqubela phambili enkulu yefashoni kwimpahla yeshumi elivisayo, okanye ndichonge inkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji elandelayo eya kuqhuba ukukhula kweetshiphusi ze-semiconductor.
Ezi ntlobo zemicimbi entsonkothileyo zichaphazela inzuzo eziveliswa ziinkampani ezininzi kwintengiso, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo ayinakulindeleka.
Xa ndifumana ishishini elinje, impendulo yam ilula:
Zininzi kakhulu iintlanzi elwandle ukuzithathela ingqalelo ngokufunda inkampani okanye ishishini ekunzima kakhulu ukuziqonda. Kungenxa yesi sizathu le nto uWarren Buffett waye wakuthintela ukutyala imali kwicandelo lobugcisa.
Ukuba andinakufumana ukuqonda okufanelekileyo malunga nendlela ishishini elenza ngayo imali kunye nabaqhubi abaphambili abachaphazela ishishini labo kwimizuzu eli-10, ndiye kumbono olandelayo.
Kwi-10.000 + iinkampani ezithengiswa esidlangalaleni phaya, ndiqikelela ukuba akukho zinkampani zingamakhulu ambalwa zihlangabezana nemigangatho yam yobuqu yokulula kweshishini.
UPeter Lynch wayekhe wathi, "Ungaze utyale imali kwingcinga ongenakukuzekelisa ngepensile."
Iimpazamo ezininzi zinokuthintelwa ukuba sihlala kwisangqa sobuchule kwaye siza necebo lokuziphumeza.
2. Ungaze ulalanise kumgangatho weshishini
Ngelixa isithi "hayi" kumashishini anzima nakwimizi-mveliso ichanekile ngokuthe ngqo, ukufumanisa amashishini akumgangatho ophezulu kunzima kakhulu.
Ifilosofi yotyalo-mali kaWarren Buffett iguqukile kule minyaka ingama-50 idlulileyo ukugxila ikakhulu ekuthengeni iinkampani ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezinamathuba athembisayo exesha elide lokukhula okuqhubekayo.
Abanye abatyali mali banokumangaliswa kukufumanisa ukuba igama leBerkshire Hathaway livela kolunye lotyalo mali olubi kakhulu lukaBuffett.
IBerkshire yayikwishishini lempahla eyolukiweyo, kwaye uBuffett walingeka ukuba athenge ishishini kuba ixabiso lalibonakala ngathi litshiphile.
Wayekholelwa ukuba xa uthenge isitokhwe ngexabiso eliphantsi ngokwaneleyo, kuhlala kukho iindaba ezimnandi ezingalindelekanga ezingakunika ithuba lokothula isikhundla kwindawo enenzuzo efanelekileyo-nokuba ukusebenza kwexesha elide kweshishini kusesoyikeka .
Ngeminyaka engaphezulu yamava phantsi kwebhanti lakhe, uWarren Buffett watshintsha imeko yakhe kutyalo-mali "kwiimpundu zecuba." Uye wathi ngaphandle kokuba ungumntu othengisayo, olo hlobo lwendlela yokuthenga ishishini lusisidenge.
Ixabiso lokuqala "lokuthengiselana" ngekhe liphume libe yinto yokuba ebe. Kwishishini elinzima, kwakamsinya nje ukuba kusonjululwe ingxaki enye, enye indawo. Ezi ntlobo zeenkampani zikwathanda ukufikelela kwimbuyekezo esezantsi, zishenxisa ngakumbi ixabiso lotyalo-mali lokuqala.
Olu lwazi lukhokele uBuffett ukuba ahlawule esi sicatshulwa saziwayo silandelayo:
"Kungcono ukuthenga inkampani entle ngexabiso elifanelekileyo kunenkampani efanelekileyo ngexabiso elimangalisayo." -Warren Buffett
Enye yezona zibalo zibaluleke kakhulu zemali endizisebenzisayo ukulinganisa umgangatho weshishini kukubuyela kwiimali ezinkulu ezityaliweyo.
Iinkampani ezifumana imbuyekezo ephezulu kwingxowa-mali etyalwe kumashishini abo zinakho ukonyusa inzuzo yabo ngokukhawuleza kuneenkampani eziqhuba kakubi. Ngenxa yoko, ixabiso langaphakathi kwezi nkampani landa ngokuhamba kwexesha.
"Ixesha ngumhlobo wamashishini amangalisayo, utshaba lwe-mediocre." -Warren Buffett
Imbuyekezo ephezulu kwi-equity yenza ixabiso kwaye ihlala ibonisa imeko yezoqoqosho. Ndikhetha ukutyala imali kwiinkampani ezivelisa phezulu (10% -20% +) kunye nembuyekezo ezinzileyo kwiimali ezinkulu ezityaliweyo.
Endaweni yokunikezela kwisilingo sokuthenga isitokhwe sezahlulo ngesivuno se-10% okanye ukuthenga izabelo kwinkampani ethengisa "kuphela" amaxesha angama-8 umvuzo wayo, qiniseka ukuba yonke into yenziwe kakuhle.
Kwelinye icala lesiphelo, abanye abatyali mali ngaphezulu-ukwahlula iipotifoliyo ngenxa yoloyiko kunye / okanye ukungazi. Ukuba nezabelo ezili-100 kwenza ukuba kungabinakwenzeka ukuba umtyali mali aqhubeke neziganeko ezikhoyo ezichaphazela iinkampani zabo.
Ukwahluka okugqithisileyo kukwathetha ukuba iphothifoliyo inokuthi ityalwe kwinani leentengiselwano eziphakathi, kuhlanjululwe iimpembelelo zokubamba ezikumgangatho ophezulu.
Ukwahluka kukhuseleko ekungazini. Ayivakali ncam kwabo bayaziyo into abayenzayo. " -Warren Buffett
Ukuchithwa
Mhlawumbi uCharlie Munger wayishwankathela ngcono:
"Uluvo lokwahluka okugqithisileyo luyaphambana." -Charlie Munger
Zingaphi izabelo onazo? Ukuba impendulo ingaphezulu kwama-60, unokuthatha ingqalelo ekunciphiseni iphothifoliyo yakho ukuze ujolise kubambiso lwakho oluphezulu.
5. Uninzi lweendaba yingxolo, hayi iindaba
Akukho kunqongophala kweendaba zemali ukufikelela kwibhokisi yam yemihla ngemihla yonke imihla. Nangona ndingumfundi ophambili weentloko, ndilahla phantse lonke ulwazi endilunikiweyo.
Umgaqo we-80-20 uthi malunga neepesenti ezingama-80 zeziphumo zinokubangelwa yi-20% yezizathu zomsitho.
Xa kuziwa kwiindaba zezezimali, ndingathi kufana nomgaqo we-99-1- iipesenti ezingama-99 zesitokhwe sotyalo-mali esisithathayo kufuneka sinikwe kuphela iipesenti ezi-1 zeendaba zemali esizisebenzisayo.
Uninzi lwezihloko zeendaba kunye neencoko kumabonwakude zikhona ukuvelisa i-buzz kunye nokwenza iimvakalelo zethu zenze into-nantoni na!
“Abanini zabelo, nangona kunjalo, bahlala bevumela ukungakhathali kunye nokuziphatha ngokungenangqondo kwabanye abanini zibangele ukuba baziphathe ngokungenangqondo. Ngenxa yokuba kuninzi ukuthetha malunga neemarike, uqoqosho, amaxabiso enzala, indlela yokuziphatha kwamaxabiso esitokhwe, njl. uyavumelana nezimvo zakho. -Warren Buffett
Iinkampani endijolise kuzo ukutyala imali ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ziye zamelana novavanyo lwexesha. Uninzi luye lushishino ngaphezu kweminyaka eli-100 kwaye luye lwajamelana phantse nayo yonke imiceli mngeni engalindelekanga onokuyicinga.
Khawufane ucinge ukuba zingaphi "iindaba" ezimfiliba ezivela kubo bonke ubomi benkampani. Nangona kunjalo, basamile.
Ngaba kubalulekile ukuba i-Coca-Cola ilahlekile uqikelelo lwengeniso yekota nge-4%?
Ngaba ndifanele ndithengise isikhundla sam kuJohnson & Johnson kuba isitokhwe siphantsi nge-10% okoko ndathenga okokuqala?
Ngokwehla kwamaxabiso eoyile okuqhuba iinzuzo ze-Exxon Mobil, ngaba kufuneka ndizithengise izabelo zam?
Impendulo kule mibuzo iphantse ibe yinto evakalayo "hayi", kodwa amaxabiso esitokhwe anokuhamba ngokubonakalayo njengoko le micimbi ivela. Amajelo eendaba ezezimali nawo kufuneka aqhume ezi zihloko ukuze zihlale kwishishini.
"Khumbula ukuba imarike yemasheya kukudakumba komntu." -Warren Buffett
Njengabatyali mali, kufuneka sizibuze ukuba ngaba iindaba zeendaba ziyalichaphazela igunya lokufumana ixesha elide kwinkampani yethu.
Ukuba impendulo nguhayi, kufanelekile ukuba senze ngokuchaseneyo nezinto ezenziwa yimarike (umzekelo, iCoca-Cola iwela kwiipesenti ezi-4 kwingxelo yemivuzo edanisayo ebangelwe zizinto zethutyana- cinga ukuthenga isitokhwe).
Imarike yemasheya yinto enamandla kunye nengalindelekanga. Kufuneka sizikhethe kakhulu iindaba esizikhethele ukuba sizive, singasathethi ke ngokwenza. Ngokoluvo lwam, le yenye yezona ngcebiso zibalulekileyo zotyalo mali.
6. Utyalo-mali asikho isayensi ye-rocket, kodwa akukho "iqhosha elilula"
Mhlawumbi enye yezona ngcamango zinkulu zotyalo-mali kukuba ngabantu abanobuchule kuphela abanokukhetha ngempumelelo amasheya.
Nangona kunjalo, kunokuthiwa ubukrelekrele obunqabileyo yenye yezinto ezinokuxelwa kwangaphambili kwimpumelelo yotyalo mali.
Akunyanzelekanga ukuba ube yinzululwazi yerokethi. Utyalo-mali ayingomdlalo apho umntu one-IQ eyi-160 abetha umfana onama-IQ angama-130. " -Warren Buffett
Ayithathi isazinzulu se-rocket ukulandela ifilosofi yotyalo-mali kaWarren Buffett, kodwa kunzima kakhulu kuye nakubani na ukuba abethe rhoqo kwimarike kwaye aphephe ukungaziphathi kakuhle.
Ngokubaluleke ngokulinganayo, abatyali mali kufuneka bazi ukuba akukho seti yemilingo, ifomula okanye "iqhosha elilula" elinokuhambisa iziphumo ezibetha intengiso. Ayikho kwaye ayisayi kubakho.
Abatyalomali kufuneka bathembele kwiimodeli ezisekwe kwimbali. Eyakhelwe bububingeleli obuvakalayo benesidima… ezi modeli zihlala zikhangeleka zinomtsalane. Ukanti amaxesha amaninzi, abatyali mali bayalibala ukuvavanya iingqikelelo ezisemva kweemodeli. Lumkela i-nerds enxiba iifomula. -Warren Buffett
Nabani na othi unenkqubo enjalo ngenxa yokuqhubela phambili ishishini unobuqhetseba okanye akukho bhetele kunomthengisi weoli yenyoka kwincwadi yam. Lumkela "i-gurus" eyazibhengezayo ekuthengisela i-hands-free, inkqubo esekwe kwimithetho. Ukuba inkqubo enjalo ibikhona ngenene, umniniyo bekungekho mfuneko yokuthengisa iincwadi okanye imirhumo.
"Kulula ukukhohlisa abantu kunokubakholisa ukuba bakhohlisiwe." -UMark Twain
Ukubambelela kwimigaqo ngokubanzi yotyalo-mali kulungile, kodwa ukutyala imali kusenzima kubugcisa obufuna ukucinga kwaye akufuneki uzive ulula.
8. Eyona nto ihamba phambili ihlala ikruqula.
Ukutyala imali kwimarike yemasheya ayisiyondlela yokufumana ubutyebi ngokukhawuleza.
Ukuba kukho nantoni na, ndicinga ukuba imarike yemasheya ingcono ekukhuleni ngokulingeneyo kwemali yethu esele ikho ixesha elide.
Utyalomali alwenzelwanga ukuba lube mnandi, kwaye ukukhula kwezahlulo ngokutyala imali ngokukodwa sisicwangciso esiliqili.
Endaweni yokuzama ukufumana ophumeleleyo omkhulu olandelayo kumzi mveliso osakhasayo, kuhlala kungcono ukuba utyale imali kwiinkampani esele zibonakalisile ukubaluleka kwazo. Ukuba nezabelo ezili-100 kwenza ukuba kungabinakwenzeka ukuba umtyali mali akwazi ukuqhubeka neziganeko zangoku.