Yayiyintoni urhwebo olunxantathu

unxantathu intsingiselo yorhwebo

Isenzeko esibanzi sembali, indlela yorhwebo esekwe kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantic, esebenza ukusuka nge-XNUMX ukuya kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX, Oku kwaye ngakumbi yayikurhwebo loonxantathu.

Kweli nqaku siza kunika umbono wexesha elidlulileyo onokuthelekiswa nexesha langoku, esivumela ukuba sihlalutye umcimbi omkhulu kunye nokubaluleka kwehlabathi okusachaphazelayo nanamhlanje.

Esi siganeko sithatha igama laso ngenxa yemilo enxantathu ayizobileyo emephini ukuqhelaniswa kwayo, indlela kunye nobukhulu bendawo; ebandakanya amazwekazi amathathu.

Ngaba olu hlobo lwesenzeko kunye nokucwangciswa kweendlela zalo zolwandle zinokuchaphazela isigqibo kuqoqosho lwangoku lwehlabathi?

Namhlanje singatsho ukuba uqoqosho lwehlabathi lwanamhlanje lusisiphumo sohambo olukhulu lwaseYurophu lokufumanisa okwenziwa ngekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX.

Ukubaluleka kokutshintshiselana kwezorhwebo phakathi kwamazwe kwaba yinto efanelekileyo nangaphambi kokuba kuqale urhwebo olunxantathu, olwalukho ngelo xesha kumazwekazi ahlukeneyo.

Ukujonga emva kwimbali

urhwebo olungunxantathu yintoni

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, phantse mandulo, ubukhoboka bebukho ngeendlela ngeendlela, ngandlel 'ithile bekusoloko kukho amandla okuphila koluntu, elawula kwaye ecinezela.

AmaRoma, amaGrike, iBhabhiloni okanye amaYiputa, ayesetyenziswa njengamakhoboka ezihlwele kwiidolophu ezoyisiweyo; kumaxesha amaninzi abantu abangawahlawulanga amatyala abo okanye ngenxa yokuba bezinikezelwe kudidi lwabantu abangaziwayo; ithathwa njengephantsi kwaye ifanelwe zizenzo ezinjalo kubo ngokwefilosofi yobomi kunye nohlalutyo lwezigidi zabantu.

KumaXesha Aphakathi uthungelwano lweendlela zama-Arabhu zavela ezazenzelwe ukudluliselwa kwamakhoboka asuka kumbindi we-Afrika, uthungelwano lomNayile, lawo amachibi amakhulu kunye neminye imimandla.

Xa iMelika ifunyanwa yiNtshona, urhwebo lwaseIndiya lusekwa kwinqanaba elikhulu. IsiPhuthukezi kunye neSpanish sele ngo-1493 bahlula ihlabathi elitsha, kwaye baqala indlela engalinganiyo yokuxhaphaza le mimandla.

Kwiindawo ezininzi zeendawo, ngakumbi kwii-Antilles, abantu babhujiswa ngenxa yeemfazwe eziqhelekileyo zezi ziganeko, izifo ezazingeniswe zivela eYurophu kwaye, ngokubanzi, ngenxa yokuxhatshazwa nokuphathwa gadalala apho bavezwa. ngendlela ekhohlakeleyo.

Abasebenzi ababomelele, bebaninzi kwaye betshiphu kwakufuneka ngokukhawuleza, ngenxa yesidingo sokuxhaphaza imihlaba eseMelika, imigodi yayo yesilivere negolide, kunye nayo yonke imeko ethembisayo enokubonwa kwimiba eyahlukeneyo yezoqoqosho.

Kwakukho iingcebiso malunga nokuthengwa kwamakhoboka aseAfrika, amandla awo ayesaziwa kakuhle, kwaye aya kubonelela ngesiqinisekiso sokuphendula ekusebenzeni ngokunyanzelekileyo nokunyanzelwa okwacetywayo nokwamkelwa kufanele kwenziwe.

Ngexesha lenkulungwane elandelayo, amaNgesi nawo aqala ukugxadazela, ejolise kumakholoni aseMelika, alandelwa ngamanye amazwe aseYurophu afana neDenmark, iFrance kunye neNetherlands. Ngo-1685, uColbert wenza ubukhoboka obuqhelekileyo kunye neKhowudi yokuqala eMnyama yabhengezwa, isenza ubukhoboka ubukhulu becala ngale ndlela.

Kwakunokuthi ke ukuba imeko yobukhoboka, nefuthe layo eliphambili kule meko libe nefuthe kuluntu lwaseIndiya kuqala kwaye kamva kwiAfrika, yayitshintsha indalo.

Ngokukhula okuthe nkqo "urhwebo olunxantathu" luyaphuhliswa, urhwebo lwamakhoboka.

Ababanjiweyo nabathengiswayo ngabafazi, amadoda nabantwana. Inani elibalulekileyo nelichanekileyo labantu abazizigidi ezingama-25 ukuya kuma-30 linani elilawulwayo labantu abasuswe ngenkani kwimimandla yabo, ngaphandle kokungena koku kubalwa ukusweleka okungenakubalwa kwiinqanawa kunye nokujongana neenkqubo zokubamba kunye neemfazwe ezinxulumene noko. amanani abantu abachaphazelekayo.

Urhwebo olunxantathu: Uhambo lweNdlela eziNtathu

Urhwebo olunxantathu lwaqala ikakhulu eNtshona Yurophu, kumazwe afana neFrance, Holland, iNgilani nePortugal, ngezixhobo ezahlukeneyo kwaye zenziwe, ukufikelela kunxweme olusentshona Afrika phakathi kwemilambo yaseSenegal neCongo, apho iimveliso ezinje ngezibuko, amalaphu abiza imali encinci, iintsimbi njl.njl. Ukufika apho, amakhoboka amnyama ayelayishwa, enikezelwa ngabarhwebi bendawo kunye nabantu abakhethekileyo.

urhwebo loonxantathu behlabathi

Ngokuma kufutshane kwiziqithi zeAntilles okanye kunxweme lwaseMelika, Amakhoboka aseYurophu kunye nokuthengiswa kwathengiswa, kulayishwa iinqanawa ezibuyela eYurophu kunye neemveliso ezinjengezinyithi ezixabisekileyo, icocoa, icuba kunye noshukela.

Le patheni yorhwebo ngaphesheya kweAtlantic, eyayixhaphake kwakamsinya emva kokufunyanwa, kwaye yaqhubeka de kwaqhambuka iMfazwe yamakhaya yaseMelika, ibibandakanyeka ngendlela eshwankathelweyo le miba ilandelayo.

  • Phuhlisa ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwamakhoboka avela kwilizwekazi laseAfrika kwiLizwe elitsha. Sele kumhlaba waseMelika, amaqela amakhoboka anyanzelwa ukuba asebenze kumabala avelisa umqhaphu, iswekile kunye nezinye iintlobo zeemveliso ezisisiseko.
  • Ukuthumela ngaphandle eYurophu kweemveliso ezisisiseko ezivelisiweyo kunye nezinto zokwenza imveliso. Izinto ezininzi zithengiswa phantsi kweemodeli ezahlukeneyo zorhwebo kwaye zithathe inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zokuvelisa.
  • Inxalenye yemveliso yeemveliso ezenziweyo ezivela kumandla afezekisiweyo, zithunyelwa eAfrika, apho baberhweba ngazo kunye nokuhlawulwa kwamakhoboka kwenziwa.

Le ndlela yayineenzuzo zobuchwephesha kunye nokusebenza kweenqanawa zaselwandle, ngenxa yokujikeleza kweselula komoya namaza olwandle akhoyo ngoku malunga neAzores anticyclone.

Obu buchule bokuhamba ngendlela enokwenzeka babunakho ukuba buguqulwe kwaye buxhatshazwe, emva kokufunyanwa kwinkalo yeJografi eyenzeka ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.

Kolu hlobo lwentengiso bekukho uphando oluqhubekayo lokusebenza kunye nolungiselelo ngokubanzi lwenkqubo, umkhwa ogcinwa ngoku kurhwebo kwinqanaba lehlabathi nakwabo bagqiba kwaye bakuphuhlise.

Inqanawa enye yayikwazi ukuwugqiba wonke umjikelo ovela eLiverpool ephethe imimoya, izixhobo, kunye namalaphu; ukuya kwiindawo eziphambili kunxweme lwaseNtshona Afrika, esi sisiseko sokumisa. Inqanaba lesibini lendlela emva koko laqala, lenza ukuwela uLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki kulayishwe amakhoboka aya kwii-Antillean Islands okanye kunxweme lwaseMelika.

Nje ukuba bafike kule ndawo, amakhoboka athengiswa kwaye iinqanawa zaphinda zalayishwa ngecuba, umqhaphu, iswekile, njl., Zibuyela kwizibuko lasekuqaleni.

Nangona le yayiyifilosofi yorhwebo olunxantathu, ukukhetha ubuchwephesha kwakuyinto eyenziwayo kwakube kwenziwe iihambo zokuqala. Yayilurhwebo lomthamo kunye nexabiso elikhulu kangangokuba kwakusengqiqweni ngokupheleleyo ukwakha iinqanawa ezaziza kugubungela icandelo ngalinye lohambo ngendlela ekhethekileyo.

Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, igama elithi "urhwebo loonxantathu" lalilelona lifanelekileyo ukumela ukutshintshiselana ngeziqu ezithathu okwakufezekiswa kwamakhoboka, ukuvelisa kunye nezinto zokwenza imveliso; Ngaphandle kokujonga ngqo uhlobo lwezothutho kunye neempawu zalo.

Ubudlelwane kwezorhwebo kweli nqanaba nohlobo lube nefuthe elibonakalayo neziphumo ezibi kakhulu kuphuhliso loqoqosho olwahlukileyo lweendawo ezichaphazelekayo.. Ngale ndlela, “urhwebo lobukoloniyali” lwalungumzekelo, isixeko esikhulu sixhamla kwixabiso elongezelelekileyo lemveliso yezolimo eyayinayo, ikoloni yayixhomekeke kwinkqubo yesivumelwano sobukoloniyali, nomsebenzi wentengiso.

Ukonakalisa amanqanaba aphezulu, kunye nokufaka ilizwekazi lase-Afrika kwiinkulungwane zokudodobala kwezoqoqosho kunye nezidubedube zezopolitiko, ubukhoboka babusonakalisa kakhulu kulo mmandla weplanethi. Kamva, ikoloniyalikhi esesikweni yalandela oko kwabizwa ngokuba lulwahlulo lwe-Afrika ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, xa urhwebo lwamakhoboka lwaye lwapheliswa kwihlabathi liphela, iziphumo ezibi ezingalungisekanga nasemva kokupheliswa kobukholoniyalizim ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX.

urhwebo olunxantathu

Ngeli xesha urhwebo olunxantathu lwaluphuhliswa, njengangoku, bekukho uxinzelelo lokwehlisa iindleko ngokwandisa umgangatho, kubangele ukumiselwa okubalulekileyo kunye nezigqibo ezenziweyo.

Amakhonkco e-intercontinental ayebanzi ngakumbi kunalawo abonakalisiweyo kumfanekiso omathathu onxantathu. I-Asia njengelizwekazi lesine lalibandakanyiwe kolu hambo, kuba amalaphu awayetshintshiselwa amakhoboka kwingingqi yaseAfrika avela ngokuchanekileyo evela eIndiya, ukusuka apho athunyelwa ngaphandle ziinkampani zaseFrance nezaseBritane ezazisekwe kuloo ndawo.

Iyajongwa le ndlela yokuziphatha okanye isicwangciso-qhinga sentengiso esenziwe ngaphakathi kurhwebo olunxantathu, ukufana kurhwebo lwangoku.

Kule mihla, iinkampani eziphumeleleyo kwilizwe liphela kunye noosomashishini kwicandelo lempahla eyolukiweyo babuyela kumazwe aseAsia ukuseka imveliso yabo, befumana izibonelelo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezinje ngexabiso eliphantsi labasebenzi, ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo enganyanzelisiyo kunakwimimandla yabo yemvelaphi, ukusondela kakhulu kwimithombo izinto eziluhlaza eziza kusetyenziswa, kwaye kungafane kwenzeke ukuba zikumgangatho ophezulu kunezo zifunyanwa kweminye imimandla.

Namhlanje kunokwenzeka ukuqaphela ubunzima behlabathi kwinqanaba lezoqoqosho, elibonisa ngokwalo uhlobo lotshintshiselwano kumanqanaba amakhulu kunye nesikali sorhwebo olunxantathu ebelinalo ngexesha lalo.

Omnye umahluko omkhulu okhoyo namhlanje, onxulumene norhwebo lwehlabathi ngelo xesha; inento yokwenza nokuhamba kolwazi.

Ukuqhubela phambili kwezixhobo zetekhnoloji yanamhlanje, i-intanethi kunye nokuhamba kwedatha, kunika izibonelelo kubarhwebi abakwinqanaba lehlabathi ukuze babenakho kwaye baqhubekeke kwinqanaba lolwazi oluququzelela ukwenziwa kwezigqibo kunye nethuba lokunciphisa umngcipheko., Ngokuchaneka okumangalisayo.

Ukubeka umbono kwaye sikhuthazwe yinto eyayingunxantathu kurhwebo kunye nefuthe lalo kurhwebo lwale mihla, kusenza sizibuze Ngaba loluphi utshintsho oluza kubekwa namhlanje kwiimodeli ezintsha zotshintshiselwano zentengiso eziza kwenzeka kwikamva?


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