I-monopoly yenziwa xa umntu omnye okanye inkampani inolawulo oluninzi okanye lonke kwinkonzo okanye imveliso. Azivumelekanga kulo lonke iManyano yaseYurophu, kwaye ke kufuneka siqale ngokuthi akukho zimonopoli eSpain. Kodwa ngaba kunjalo? Inyaniso kukuba akukho.
Okulandelayo siza kucacisa yintoni i-monopolies, yeyiphi imbali abanayo kwaye siya kukunika imizekelo ukuze yonke into icace kuni. Ziphose kuyo?
Yintoni iimonopoli eSpain
Ukuba sijonga kwiRAE inkcazo yemonopoly isixelela oku kulandelayo:
Imvume enikwe ngugunyaziwe onobuchule kwinkampani ukuze ithathe ithuba loshishino okanye urhwebo. Imeko yemarike apho ukunikezelwa kwemveliso kuncitshiswa kumthengisi omnye.
Ngamanye amazwi, I-Monopolies eSpain inokuqondwa njengeemeko apho inkampani okanye umntu abe yedwa kwimarike yemveliso okanye inkonzo.
Ngokomzekelo, cinga ngecandelo elifana neentonga zokuloba. Kukho iinkampani ezithile kodwa eyona ithengisa ngokwenene, isebenza, njl. Inye kuphela, yileyo inama-90% emarike. Oko sinokukubiza ngokuba yimonopoly.
Eli gama lenziwe ngamagama amabini esiGrike, elithi mono, elithetha inye okanye kuphela, kunye nepoliyo, elithetha ukuthengisa. Ngoko ke, umntu olawula kuphela imarike yonke (okanye i-niche yemarike) uya kuchazwa.
Ithetha ntoni imonopoli eSpain?
Ukuqhubela phambili noko sikuxelele ngaphambili, umntu olawula imarike, okanye i-niche yayo, ithetha ukuba yena (okanye inkampani) inokumisela iimeko ezixhaphazayo. Ungalungisa amaxabiso, wenze abakhuphisana nabo bangabinalo ithuba lokuzenza baziwe, njl.
Ngaloo ndlela inikwe pisikhundla kwinzuzo ecacileyo, ekubeni inguye olawula loo marike, nguye ogqibayo ukuba mayithengiselwe malini, kubani, yenziwe njani, kwaye ifihle abo banokuyisibekela.
Yaye ubuya kuba naso nini eso sikhundla? Kuthwa xa inkampani iphakathi kwama-50 nama-70% esabelo semarike sisonke, okanye nguye kuphela obonelela ngemveliso okanye inkonzo ethile, ngaphandle kokuba kubekho into ethatha indawo yayo, besiya kuba sisodwa ngaphambili.
Iindidi zemonopoli eSpain
Ngoku, akukho monopoly enye kuphela, kodwa kukho iindidi ezininzi zemonopoli eSpain. Ngokukodwa kukho ezine ezahlukeneyo ezi:
u monopoly emsulwa
Yiyo eyenzekayo xa inkampani ine 100% yesabelo semarike sisonke. Oko kukuthi, ayinakho ukhuphiswano kwaye "inokuthengwa" kuyo kuphela.
Oku kunqabile ukukubona kwakhona.
monopoly yendalo
Iyenzeka xa iyinkampani ifumana imfuno engaphezulu kwe-50% yesabelo semarike.
Oku kungenxa yokuba le nkampani yenza izinto ngcono, kuba ibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi okanye kukho into eyenzayo ngokufanelekileyo kunezinye iinkampani kukhuphiswano lwayo.
Iimonopoli ezisemthethweni okanye ezenziweyo
Ngabo abo bavelayo ngenxa yokuba ukudalwa kweenkampani ezintsha kwimarike kuthintelwe. Uyenza njani loo nto? Ngamalungelo oluntu, iilayisensi zikarhulumente, amalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza...
irhafu kuphela
Kwenzeka xa inguRhulumente omisela ukuba inkampani yiyo ethengisa okanye evelisa imveliso okanye inkonzo. Kakade ke, eyona njongo iphambili yoku asikokuqokelelwa kweerhafu.
Imbali yee-monopolies eSpain
Imbali ye-monopolies eSpain ayintsha. Enyanisweni, zazikho xa uRhulumente wayengenelela kumacandelo athile ezoqoqosho (esinokuthi yifiscal monopolies). Imizekelo yazo lunxibelelwano, amandla, amanzi, igesi, ezothutho...
Ngoxa i eyona njongo yayikukuqokelela irhafu, alithandabuzeki elokuba inkampani yanikwa amandla apheleleyo. Umxhasi akanakwenza nto ngaphandle kokuncama oko akunikwayo okanye angabinayo into enokuba yinto ebalulekileyo.
Ngokufika kokusebenza okutsha kweKomishoni yeSizwe yeeMakethi kunye noKhuphiswano, ebizwa ngokuba yi-CNMC, kwi-2013, i-monopolies yaqala ukunyamalala, ekubeni iSivumelwano sokuSebenza kwe-European Union, kwinqaku layo le-102, yabanqanda (kunye no. kwenzeka kuMthetho woKhuselo loKhuphiswano).
Okwangoku, ezo zishiyekileyo zezinye zabaphathi bamandulo baseburhulumenteni kodwa injongo kukuba ezi zinto ziphele ngethutyana nje elingephi.
Imizekelo yeemonopoli eSpain
Ukuba uyakhumbula into esiyibeke ekuqaleni, abadla bodwa bathintelwe kwiManyano yaseYurophu, naseSpain akakhutshelwanga kwesi salelo.
Nangona kunjalo, zikhona, kwaye emva kokubona iindidi ezikhoyo, unokufumana umbono wokuba ziyintoni na.
Apha sithetha ngezimbalwa zazo:
Renfe
URenfe waziwa njengenkampani yothutho lukaloliwe. Kwaye kude kube yiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo sinokuthi yayiyi-monopoly njengoko inguye owayelawula ukusetyenziswa kweziseko ezingundoqo ezifunekayo ukuze kujikelezwe.
NgoMeyi ka-2021, i-SNCF yangena emarikeni, umqhubi waseFransi onikezelayo, kunye nesiseko esitsha, inkonzo efanayo neRenfe, apho baya kubelana ngemarike. Ngaba oko kuthetha ukuba umntu ngamnye uya kuba nama-50%? Oko kuya kuxhomekeka kwinto eyenzekayo.
UAena
Omnye umzekelo esinokukuxelela malunga ne-monopolies eSpain yi-Aena, inkampani leyo ibeka imirhumo yesikhululo seenqwelomoya kwiinkampani zeenqwelomoya xa zisebenzisa iinkonzo ezithile.
Okwangoku iyona kuphela esebenza kulawulo lwezikhululo zeenqwelomoya zaseSpain kwaye ine-51% yesabelo sisonke semarike, ngaphandle komnye umntu.
iapile
Kutheni ungazange ucinge ngale ndlela? Kwaye u into yokuba ii-iPhones kunye neeMacs zingathengwa kuphela kwi-Apple ibonisa ukuba sijongene nemveliso yodwa.
Ewe kunjalo, njengeApple sinokuthi ezinye iimveliso zemveliso. Kodwa kule meko, i-Apple ayinayo imveliso ekhethekileyo kuphela, kodwa ineenkqubo zayo, iimpawu ezikhethekileyo, njl. ukuba akukho ezinye izibonelelo.
Njengoko ubona, ukulawulwa kwe-monopolies eSpeyin yinxalenye yembali yelizwe kodwa kubonakala ngathi ngokuthe ngcembe bayaphela. Ngaba icacile kuwe? Sibuze kwizimvo ukuba unemibuzo.