Ngexesha lokungazinzi kwiimarike zezemali, zininzi iindlela abanokukhetha kuzo abatyali mali ukwenza ukuba imali yabo ekhoyo ibenenzuzo. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ngalo mzuzu kukuba zimelwe yimathiriyeli ekrwada kuba ngamanye amaxesha zinokusebenza njengexabiso lokusabela ebusweni bokuhla kweemarike zezabelo kwihlabathi liphela. Ezinye zezi zindululo zinokubonisa ukubonga okunokufikelela kumanqanaba asondele kakhulu kwiipesenti ezingama-40. Kufuneka wazi nje ixesha lokuthatha izikhundla zokuhambisa imali.
Izinto ezingafunekiyo, ewe, zinempahla eyahlukeneyo eyahlukeneyo kwaye apho iimveliso ezininzi zidlala khona. Ekupheleni kosuku kulungile ukuba kuguqulwe ngexesha lenkqubo yemveliso kude kube ube ngumthengi olungileyo. Kukho izinto eziphathekayo ezingenakusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo ngabathengi kuba kufuneka ziguqulwe (umzekelo weoyile). Izinto zokwenza imveliso likhonkco lokuqala kwikhonkco lokuvelisa, kwaye kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo ziya kuguqulwa zide zibe yimveliso efanele ukusetyenziswa.
Kwelinye icala, kufuneka sigxininise ukuba ilizwe lotyalo-mali liyaziwa njengempahla yorhwebo. Eli ligama elaziwa kakhulu ngabatyali zimali abancinci nabaphakathi kwaye ngandlela thile libonisa indlela yokutyala imali kwezi asethi zemali. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ukuba urhwebo yenye yeempahla zexabiso kunye nesona siko lide kwihlabathi lotyalo-mali. Ngokuhambelana okubonakaliswe kwinto yokuba zidwelisiwe kwiimarike zazo zezemali. Apho zivela khona ekutyeni, okufana nengqolowa, ikofu okanye isoya kwenye yezona zinto zibaluleke kakhulu zezemali okwangoku njengeoyile. Ngale ndlela, kunokuthiwa luhlobo lwengxowa exubekileyo.
Izinto zokwenza imveliso: iiprofayili zokutyala imali
Ewe izinto ezahlukeneyo zingaqwalaselwa ngeli xesha njengenye yeendlela ezizezinye ezifanelekileyo zokutyala imali kwimarike yemasheya. Kodwa banikezela uthotho lweempawu ezizezabo ukuvula izikhundla kwiimpahla okanye kwiimveliso zabo. Ukuqala, kubalulekile ukuba abatyali mali babe nokufunda ngakumbi ekusebenzeni kwezi asethi zemali. Into ethi kwelinye icala ihlale ingenzeki kolu didi lweeasethi zemali kwaye ngenxa yoko izikhundla zabo zinomda ngokungakwazi ukusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo. Phakathi kwezinye izizathu, kuba ngezinto ezingasetyenziswanga unokulahlekelwa yimali eninzi kuyo yonke imisebenzi ukuba awazi kakuhle ukuba uphi okanye yeyiphi imakethi esiya kuyo.
Ngelixa kwelinye icala, ukuqaphela izinto ezingafunekiyo njengenye indlela yokwenyani yokutyala imali kwimarike yemasheya kubalulekile ukuba ube nolwazi olunzulu kakhulu ngeemarike zabo. Apho idlala khona indima ebaluleke kakhulu yokwazi ukuvela kohlalutyo lobuchwephesha ukuze ingene kwaye iphume kwiimarike zezemali ngesiqinisekiso sempumelelo. Ukulungiselela le nto, kubalulekile ukuba siyazi ukuba siyisebenzisa njani iigrafu eziyakuqinisekisa umzuzu kwixabiso labo kuba ezi asethi zemali zibonakaliswa kukungazinzi okuphezulu kuqwalaselo lwamaxabiso abo. Ngokwahluka kweseshoni ukuya kuthi ga kwi-20% okanye nangaphezulu kwezinye iimeko ezithile. Kuya kufuneka uyazi ukuba usebenza njani nabo kuba umngcipheko oboniswe ngezinto ezingafunekiyo uphezulu kakhulu kwaye ungaphezulu kokuthenga nokuthengisa izabelo kwimarike yemasheya.
Oomatshini bokusebenza ngezi asethi
Ukuba samkela ukuba izinto ezingafunekiyo yenye indlela yokutyala imali kwimarike yemasheya, kufuneka sicace gca malunga nothotho lwezinto eziqwalaselwayo ukusukela ngoku. Enye yazo kukuba ezi asethi zemali zahlukahlukene kakhulu kwaye ezinye azinanto yakwenza nabanye. Ukutyala ingqolowa akufani nokutyala imali kwi-oyile ekrwada. Ukuya kwinqanaba lokuba oomatshini bahluke kakhulu ekusebenzeni nenye okanye enye. Kukho isitshixo sokusebenza apho abatyali zimali abancinci nabaphakathi baya kuyenza ukusukela ngoku. Inokuba yenye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo ekunokukhethwa kuzo kulo mzuzu kunyaka onzima kakhulu.
Ngelixa kwelinye icala, asinakulibala ngeli xesha ukuba izinto ezingafunekiyo zininzi iindlela, kwaye zineendidi ezahlukeneyo, apho abatyali zimali abancinci nabaphakathi banokuthatha izikhundla kule mali ikhethekileyo. Utyala njani imali kwizinto zorhwebo? Ukutyala imali kwizinto zorhwebo kwahluke kakhulu ekurhwebeni ezinye iintlobo zotyalo-mali. Owona mceli mngeni mkhulu kwizixhobo eziluhlaza kukuba ziyimpahla ebonakalayo. Zine iindlela zokutyala imali kwimpahla yorhwebo:
Ukutyala ngokuthe ngqo kwimveliso eluhlaza kunokwenziwa kwezi ndlela zilandelayo zotyalo-mali esiza kuzibhenca apha ngezantsi:
Sebenzisa iikhontrakthi zekamva lempahla ukutyala imali.
Ukuthenga izabelo zotshintshiselwano ngemali ezisebenza ngokukodwa kwimveliso yorhwebo.
Ukuthenga izitokhwe kwiinkampani ezivelisa iimveliso.
Ukuba ufuna ukutyala ngokuthe ngqo kwimveliso uqobo, kuya kufuneka wazi ukuba ungayifumana phi kwaye uyigcine njani. Xa ufuna ukuthengisa imveliso, kuya kufuneka ufumane umthengi kwaye uphathe ukuhanjiswa kwempahla. Ngezinye izinto, ezinjengezinyithi ezixabisekileyo, kunokuba lula ukufumana i-intanethi okanye umthengisi weengqekembe zendawo apho ungathenga khona ibha okanye ingqekembe enokugcinwa ikhuselekile kwaye ithengiswe ngokukhululekileyo. Kodwa kwimeko yombona okanye yemigqomo yeoyile ekrwada, kunzima kakhulu ukutyala imali ngokuthe ngqo kwimpahla, kwaye ihlala ifuna umzamo ongaphezulu kuninzi lwabatyali mali abazimiseleyo.
Ngethamsanqa, zikho ezinye iindlela zokutyala imali kwimpahla yorhwebo. Iimvumelwano zekamva lezorhwebo zibonelela ngokuthe ngqo kutshintsho kumaxabiso ezinto. Ezinye iimali zokurhweba ngokutshintshiselana zilungiselelwe ukubonelela ngokuchasana nezinto zorhwebo. Kwaye ukuba ufuna ukuhlala kwimarike yemasheya, unokuhlala ujonga kwiinkampani ezivelisa imveliso ethile.
Izibonelelo zokusebenza
Isibonelelo sokuba ne-asethi ebonakalayo kukuba akukho ndoda iphakathi ebandakanyekayo kwipropathi yakho. Ngokwesiqhelo, unokwenza ukukhangela kwi-Intanethi ngokulula ukufumana umthengisi okuthengisela into elungileyo, kwaye xa ungasayifuni, loo mrhwebi uhlala eyithenga kwakhona.
Ezona mveliso zintle zokutyala imali ngokuthe ngqo zezo zilula ukuphatha. Igolide yenye yemizekelo ebalaseleyo, kuba unokwenza utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo kwigolide ngaphandle kokuba ube mkhulu kakhulu ukuba ungahambisa okanye ugcine ngokufanelekileyo. Abarhwebi baya kuthengisa iingqekembe zegolide okanye imivalo kubatyali mali, kwaye baya kuzithenga ezo zinto zibuyayo xa umtyali mali efuna ukuzithengisa. Abarhwebi basekuhlaleni banokufumaneka ngomlomo okanye ngokukhangela kwi-Intanethi, kwaye abanye bavavanywa yiZiko eliNgcono leShishini okanye ezinye iinkonzo zokulinganisela ukuthembeka nokuthembeka. Abathengisi ababodwa banokufumaneka kwi-Intanethi ngokukhangela kwi-Intanethi, kwaye bahlala benobungqina okanye uphononongo olunokukunceda uvavanye ukuba ngaba banokuthenjwa na.
Icala elisezantsi lobunini ngqo kukuba iindleko zentengiselwano zihlala ziphakamile. Umzekelo, umthengisi wengqekembe yegolide unokuhlawulisa umgama wenzuzo weepesenti ezi-2 okanye nangaphezulu ngentengiso yengqekembe, kodwa ke anikezele ngexabiso elilingana okanye elingaphantsi kwexabiso lemarike ukuyithenga kwakhona. Oku kwenza ubunini ngqo ngokuthe ngqo kwizinto ezilindeleke ukuba zigcinwe kangangesithuba seminyaka kuneenyanga okanye iintsuku, kuba iindleko zokuthengiselana zizonke zincitshisiwe ngokwenza imisebenzi embalwa.
Njengotyalo-mali olwahlukeneyo
Emva kwengxaki yemali, oko kubizwa ngokuba "ngumjikelo wempahla yorhwebo", eqhutywa kukukhula okukhulu koqoqosho lwaseTshayina, kwakuthetha ukuba utyalomali kubhasikidi ohlukeneyo wezinto zivelise iziphumo ezilungileyo. Nangona kunjalo, le ntsebenzo yexesha elide ibandakanya amaxesha okuguquguquka kwexesha elifutshane okuchaphazela izinto ezahlukeneyo.
Abatyalomali kufuneka balumke xa betyala imali kwimpahla nganye, ngakumbi kwixesha elifutshane. Kunokulinga ukuthenga imveliso ethengiswa esidlangalaleni enikezela ukubonwa, umzekelo, amaxabiso obhedu kuba kuvile ukuba ibango linokunyuka. Kodwa lungiselela ukukhwela okungazinzanga.
Ngo-2002, umphathi we-hedge fund wase-London wafumana igama lesidlaliso "Chocfinger" emva kokugcina i-15% yonikezelo lwecocoa emhlabeni kunye nokuvelisa inzuzo enkulu (Umzobo 3). Wazama kwakhona ngo-2010 esebenzisa indlela efanayo kwaye izinto ezisisiseko zazikwicala lakhe: izivuno zamva nje zazinengxaki yemozulu embi kwaye izitokhwe zehlabathi zaziphantsi. Nangona kunjalo, kukholelwa ukuba lo mrhwebi onamaxabiso athambileyo unokuthi aphulukane nemali okwesibini ngenxa yeemarike zobugcisa kunye nokuphendula kwabanye abatyali mali.
Nangona libaxekile, eli bali libonisa imiceli mngeni yotyalo mali kwiimarike zorhwebo. Oku kuyanzima nangakumbi kukuba, ngaphandle kokuba unakho ukufikelela kumaziko okugcina iimpahla kwaye unokwamkela ukuhanjiswa ngokwasemzimbeni, eyona ndlela ilula yokufumana ukubhencwa kukusebenzisa isithuthi sotyalo-mali, njengemveliso ethengiswa kwisipaji okanye kwinqaku lesithembiso. Zininzi zitshiphu kwaye zingamanzi, kodwa kubalulekile ukuba uyiqonde into oyithengayo.
Umzekelo, ezinye zegolide ezitshintshiselana ngemali ezithengiswa ngokusondeleyo zilandelela ixabiso lendawo kuba zixhaswa yimivalo yegolide yokwenene, egcinwe kwigumbi elikhuselekileyo. Ezinye iimveliso zisebenzisa iimveliso ezivela kwezinye izinto, ezinje ngezivumelwano zexesha elizayo. Nangona kunjalo, kuba iimarike zorhwebo zinzima, utyalomali lwakho lunokuhla ngexabiso nokuba ixabiso lezinto ezisemgangathweni liphakame.
Umzekelo, ingxaki inokuvela ukuba kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwamaxabiso endawo kunye nexabiso lekamva xa kufika ixesha lokuhlaziya ikhontrakthi yeziphumo. Kungenxa yokuba iimarike zorhwebo zihlala zikhona kwelinye lamazwe amabini. Kuthiwa bakwixabiso xa ixabiso eliphambili lekhontrakthi yexesha elizayo lingaphezulu kwemali ekulindelweyo yexesha elizayo okanye ixabiso elibuyiselweyo, nto leyo echaseneyo.
Iinkampani zorhwebo
Eyona ndlela iphambili yokufumana ukubhencwa kwimpahla yorhwebo kukuthengisa izabelo ngokuthenga izabelo kwimigodi okanye kwiinkampani zamandla. Nangona kunjalo, kusenokubakho iingxaki zolawulo lwendibaniselwano kunye nolawulo lwezopolitiko olungazinzanga kumazwe apho uninzi lwezi nkampani zisebenza khona. Iinkampani zorhwebo zizodwa zinokuvelisa inzuzo enkulu, kodwa rhoqo kunoko, zivelisa ilahleko enqabileyo; luhlobo lweshishini.
Nokuba iinkampani zemigodi ezohlukeneyo zehlabathi, utyalo-mali lwakho lunokujongwa njengengxaki engalindelekanga kwimigodi ethile okanye kwintengiso yempahla yorhwebo, kunye nemingcipheko ngokubanzi, njengomgangatho wolawulo kunye neemeko zentengiso ezisisiseko sexabiso.
Abatyalomali babucala kufuneka bacinge ngononophelo ngonyango lwerhafu yayo nayiphi na ingxowa yorhwebo. Umzekelo, ukutyala imali ngesithuthi esingaselunxwemeni kunokwenzeka ukuba kukhokelele kwisibophelelo sokuhlawula irhafu yengeniso kuyo nayiphi na inzuzo, enokuthi ifike kwi-40% okanye kwi-45% yabarhafi eneerhafu eziphezulu, kwaye ke ngenxa yoko ayisebenzi.
Ngamaqondo enzala e-UK abambeke nkqi ngaphantsi kwe-1% kwaye akunakulindeleka ukuba anyuke ngakumbi kwixesha elizayo, ingqwalaselo ijike ekufumaneni iindlela zokubetha ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Utyalomali oluqikelelweyo kwiimarike zorhwebo zinokubonakala zinomtsalane, kodwa siyakholelwa ukuba indlela yezigulana yee-asethi yeyona ndlela yokukhulisa nokukhusela ubutyebi ixesha elide.
Tyala imali kwiasethi yokwenene
Eyona ndlela ethe ngqo yotyalo-mali kwizinto zorhwebo iya kuba kukuthengwa kwempahla yorhwebo ngokwayo. Ngokucacileyo le ndlela isebenza kuphela nezinto ezithile zorhwebo, ezinje ngeesinyithi ezixabisekileyo, kodwa kunjalo iyindlela yokufumana ukuvezwa kwezi marike.
Ukuba ufuna ukutyala ngegolide, umzekelo, unokuthenga ibha yegolide. Ubungakanani begolide esulungekisiweyo ehlangabezana neemeko ezisemgangathweni zokwenziwa, ielebheli kunye nobhaliso.
Nangona kunjalo, zininzi iingxaki ngale ndlela yotyalo-mali. Unengxaki yangoku yokuba kufuneka ugcine iasethi. Olu hlobo lotyalo-mali lukwanamanzi amancinci kunolunye, ke kamva kubiza kakhulu ukutshintshiselana. Kwangokunjalo, kuba ibar yegolide ayinokwahlulwa, ukunyuka kwayo kuyanda.
Utyalo-mali kwingxowa-mali yorhwebo esidlangalaleni
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abantu abaninzi abatyala imali kwizinto eziphathekayo benza njalo ngokutyalomali kwiimali ezithengiswa ngemali yokuthengiswa kwezinto (ETFs). I-ETF yingxowa-mali ethengiswayo kutshintshiselwano lwesitokhwe. I-ETF inokwenziwa ngeeklasi ezahlukeneyo zeeasethi, izinto zorhwebo, okanye iibhondi. Ezinye ii-ETFs zijolise ekulandeleleni ixabiso lezinto ezizezayo, ezinje ngee-ETF zegolide ezibonakalayo. Kwelinye icala, abanye baya kuzama ukulandela imveliso ngokubhalwa kwe-ETF enokuba nezabelo zeenkampani ezikhupha okanye ezixhaphazayo. Uhlobo lokugqibela lwe-ETF lunokwaziwa ngokuba nexabiso elingafaniyo kunempahla yorhwebo.
Ukutyala imali kwikontrakthi yexesha elizayo
Ixesha elizayo lezorhwebo zizivumelwano zokuthenga okanye ukuthengisa ubungakanani obuchaziweyo bempahla ngexabiso elichaziweyo kunye nomhla ochaziweyo kwixesha elizayo. Umrhwebi wenza imali ukuba urhwebo luxabisa okanye lihla ixabiso xa kuthelekiswa nexabiso elimiselweyo, kuxhomekeke ekubeni uthatha isikhundla eside okanye esifutshane ngokwahlukeneyo.
Ixesha elizayo yimveliso ephuma kuyo, ke awuyiyo impahla yorhwebo ngokwakho. Abathengi bangasebenzisa ikamva ukuzikhusela kwimingcipheko enxulumene nokuhla kwamaxabiso (ngakumbi kwiimarike ezithengisayo zorhwebo), kwaye abathengisi bangasebenzisa ikamva "ukuvala" iingeniso kwiimveliso zabo.
Ukutyala imali kwiimpahla zeCFDs
Abatyalomali banokurhweba ii-CFD kwimpahla njengeendlela zokufumana ukubhengezwa kwiimarike zorhwebo. Ikhontrakthi yomahluko (i-CFD) yimveliso ephuma kuyo, apho kukho isivumelwano (ngesiqhelo phakathi komrhwebi kunye nomtyali-mali) ukuhlawula umahluko kwixabiso lempahla yexabiso eliphakathi kokuqala nokuphela kwesivumelwano. Uthengisa ii-CFD kumda, oko kuthetha ukuba kuya kufuneka ubeke iqhezu lexabiso lentengiso yakho. Ukurhweba ngokurhweba kuvumela abathengisi ukuba bafumane ukubonwa okungakumbi ngentlawulo encinci yokuqala.