Iimpawu zikaPaul Krugman

Xa kuziwa ekufundeni nasekuveliseni izimvo, Kuhlala kucetyiswa ukwazi izimvo ezahlukeneyo kunye neendawo zokujonga. Ngokukodwa kwilizwe lezemali kuyacetyiswa ukuba wazi kancinci malunga nezoqoqosho oludumileyo, izimvo zabo, iingcinga kunye neendlela. Ke ngoko, amabinzana kaPaul Krugman, ophumelele iBhaso likaNobel kuQoqosho, angaluncedo kuthi.

Esi sazi ngezoqoqosho sikhulu sigxeka iindawo ezahlukeneyo zezentlalo nezopolitiko eziphazamisa uqoqosho njengoko sisazi namhlanje. Ndikucebisa ukuba ufunde amabinzana abalaseleyo kaPaul Krugman. Ukongeza, siza kuthetha ngethiyori yorhwebo ayiphuhlisileyo kwaye loo nto icinge ukuba inguquko epheleleyo.

Amabinzana angama-80 aphezulu kaPaul Krugman

Amabinzana kaPaul Krugman abonakala ngokukodwa ngokugxeka ngokungqongqo ukungabikho kwenkcubeko kunye neenzuzo ezinanditshwa kuphela ngabantu abazizityebi, njengokufikelela kwiiyunivesithi okanye irhafu esezantsi. Masibone amabinzana akhe angalibalekiyo angama-80 apha ngezantsi:

1. "Akufanelekanga ukuba nohlaziyo ukuba lufunyenwe ngokwenza uninzi lwezivumelwano olugqibela ngokulugweba ukusilela."
2. Ukubhena kukungakhuseleki ngokwengqondo kubaluleke ngakumbi kunokuba kubonakala. Kuba uqoqosho luchaphazela ubomi kakhulu, wonke umntu ufuna ukuba noluvo. "
3. "Kubantu abaninzi, inkqubo yokulungisa uqoqosho ngekhe ibe buhlungu okanye ibandakanye ukuzincama."
4. "I-zombie yam endiyithandayo yinkolelo yokuba ukwehlisa irhafu kwizityebi kwenza uqoqosho lukhule kwaye kuvelise ubutyebi obugqibela ukusasazeka kubo bonke abantu."
5. «Eyona nto kufanele ukuba uyayikhangela, kwihlabathi elihlala lijongana nezimanga ezingathandekiyo, kukunyaniseka kwengqondo: ukulungela ukujongana nenyani, nokuba abavumelani nezimvo zakho, kunye nokukwazi ukuvuma iimpazamo kwaye utshintshe ikhosi.»
6. "Ukuphelisa olu xinzelelo kungangamava anokwenza ukuba wonke umntu azive kamnandi, ngaphandle kwabo banopolitiko, intlalontle kunye nobuchwephesha kwiimfundiso zeenkani zoqoqosho."
7. "Abaninzi bathi, umzekelo, ukuba iikhrayitheriya zokwamkelwa, nakwiiyunivesithi ezikhethekileyo, zehliswe kakhulu."
8. “Xa ukwandiswa kwemali kungasebenzi, ukwandiswa kwemali, okufana neenkqubo zemisebenzi yoluntu ezixhaswa ngemali mboleko, kufuneka kuthathe indawo. Ukwanda kwemali kungaphula umjikelo wenkcitho ephantsi kunye nengeniso ephantsi. "
9. Kodwa khumbula ukuba oku ayisiyo ngcebiso yomgaqo-nkqubo jikelele; sisicwangciso-qhinga sokuphelelwa lithemba, sisiyobisi esiyingozi ukumiselwa kuphela xa iyeza lokuthenga izinto ezingaphaya kwekhawunta lomgaqo-mali lisilele. -Noncedo loluntu.
10. «Eli xesha lide sisikhokelo esingalunganga sokuqonda okwangoku. Ekuhambeni kwexesha sonke siza kuba sifile.
11. "Ukuthoba irhafu kwizityebi akubenzi butyebi, kusebenza kuphela ukwenza izityebi zityebe."
12. Isiphoso sikabani ukuba indawo yengxoxo enzulu kurhwebo lwehlabathi kunye noko ndiye ndakujonga njenge pop yamazwe aphesheya? »
13. Kutheni le nto iYurophu iphendule kabuhlungu kwingxaki yayo? Sele ndiqaphele inxenye yempendulo: iinkokheli ezininzi zelizwekazi zibonakala zizimisele ukulenza eli bali ibali kwaye bakholelwa ukuba abo batyhubela ebunzimeni - hayi iGrisi nje kuphela - bafikile apho ngenxa yokungakhathali kwezemali. "
14. "Kucingelwa ukuba isinye kwisithathu sabantu abangena kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard ngekhe bamkelwe kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini eyadlulayo."
15. "Ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elithile, sisiphumo sotyekelo lomntu olusisiseko: ubuvila bengqondo, nditsho naphakathi kwabo banokubonwa njengezilumko kwaye zinzulu, ziya kuhlala zinamandla."
16. "Ukuba uzinikezela kwezopolitiko kwiindawo ezikufutshane neQela leRiphabhlikhi, kuya kufuneka ukhusele ezi zimvo, nokuba uyazi ukuba zibubuxoki."
17. "Uqoqosho lubeka lula kakhulu kwaye alunamsebenzi umsebenzi ukuba, ngamaxesha ovuthu, into abanokusixelela yona kukuba xa kudlula isaqhwithi amanzi azophinda adambe kwakhona."
18. "Ukuba ingxaki ibiyinkunkuma yezemali, ubungakanani bemali kufuneka ibe sisisombululo."
19. Kwaye indima yabahleli, abasoloko bekhetha into ethethwa ngabantu bamazwe aphesheya, akufuneki ingahoywa kwiingcinga ezinzima zabantu abanokufunda iiakhawunti zelizwe okanye baqonde ukuba ibhalansi yorhwebo ikwangumahluko phakathi kokonga notyalo mali. »
20. "Andingcwele kodwa ndizimisele ukuhlawula irhafu."
21. "Ekuqaleni kwengxaki yemali, abahlekisi bathi ubudlelwane bethu ne China buye babonakala bubulunge kwaye belungelelene, ngapha koko: bebesithengisela izinto zokudlala ezinetyhefu kunye neentlanzi ezingcolileyo, kwaye besizithengisa ngokhuseleko lobuqhetseba."
22. "Ngamafutshane, impumelelo ye-macroeconomic activism, kwithiyori nakwindlela yokusebenza, yenze ukuba kube lula kwintengiso yasimahla ye-microeconomics."
23. "Izityebi zichitha imali eninzi ukwenza abantu bakholelwe ukuba ukuthoba iirhafu kulungile kubo bonke abantu:"
24. «I-American Prospect Ikwangabafana bamazwe aphesheya abafanayo; Bawasebenzisa ngabom amaphephancwadi abo njengamaqonga ento elwa nomnqamlezo olwa nengqondo. "
25. "Uqoqosho lubonakaliswa njengomsebenzi wokuziphatha, kodwa ngolunye uguquko: enyanisweni, izono umntu azisola ngazo azizange zenzeke."
26. "Ukuba sifumanise ukuba abaphambukeli abavela e-space baceba ukusihlasela kwaye kufuneka sibeke iseti enkulu yokuzikhusela kweso sisongelo ukuze ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo mali luthathe isihlalo esingasemva, le ngxaki izakube iphelile kwiinyanga ezili-18."
27. Imeko zopolitiko zinempembelelo ebalulekileyo kulwabiwo lwengeniso.
28. "Ndicinga ukuba okoko ii-fossil fuels zinexabiso eliphantsi, abantu bazokuzisebenzisa kwaye bayeke ukuya kubuchwephesha obutsha."
29. Akukho nto ingako esiyenzileyo ukusombulula iingxaki ezibangele ukudodobala kwezoqoqosho. Khange sifunde isifundo.
30. "Sikwimeko apho ezona zimbi zibonakala ngathi ziyaphumelela."
31. Kutheni le nto umgaqo-nkqubo umsebenzi ofanelekileyo ungangqubani nophando lwam? yenene? Ndicinga ukuba kungenxa yokuba ndikwazile ukujongana neengxaki zomgaqo-nkqubo ndisebenzisa eyona ndlela kanye endiyisebenzisayo kowona msebenzi wam uphambili.
32. "Ukuba awuphumelelanga okokuqala, zama kaninzi kwakhona."
33. “Abasebenzi bayonqena ukwamkela, yithi, ekupheleni kwenyanga isixa esisi-5% esingaphantsi kwento abayifumeneyo efakwe kwiakhawunti yabo, kunokuba bangayamkeli ingeniso engatshintshiyo abanamandla ayo okuthenga, nangona kunjalo, ibonwa ikhutshiwe Ixabiso lentengo. "
34. "Ndiyayivuma: Ndonwabile ndibukela abaphumeleleyo besiya endle njengoko uguquko kwezononophelo lwempilo lwaba ngumthetho."
35. "Ukungabikho kwentlalo yoluntu kubonisa enye yezona zinto zibangela ukungalingani kunye nokulahleka kokuhamba koluntu."
36. "Injongo ayikokohlwaya abantu abazizityebi, kodwa kukuwenza nje ukuba babhatale isabelo sabo senkxaso-mali yemigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu edingwa luluntu lonke."
37. "Ukuba kukho ukuwa ngomso, izixhobo zokuvuselela uqoqosho ziya kuba buthathaka."
38. “I-United States iyaqhubeka nokuba yindawo eyinxalenye yezona zityebi zili-5… Luluntu oluvulekileyo. Siphatha abaphathi bethu kakuhle. "
39. "Ngelixa amandla e-globalization achaphazela onke amazwe aphuhlileyo ngendlela efanayo, ukwabiwa kwengeniso kwahluka ngokwamazwe."
40. "Kuyabonakala ukuba indawo ebalulekileyo yabemi bakholelwa kwinyani ephezulu yezopolitiko okanye inkolo kwaye bacinga ukuba ayinamsebenzi ukuxoka ukuba ukhonza loo nyaniso iphakamileyo."
41. "Ndicinga ukuba ukubeka impilo yonke indawo, into enokwenziwa, yinto ephambili kwaye iya kubonisa inyathelo elikhulu phambili."
42. "Ukuba abantu baziziyatha kwezopolitiko kungenxa yokuba kukho abantu abanomdla kakhulu wokubagcina benjalo."
43. "Akukho bungqina benzululwazi bokuba ukunyusa umvuzo omncinci, ukuya kuthi ga kumda othile, kubangela ukungabikho kwemisebenzi."
44. «Kukho isiqendu kwi Indawo yeTwilight apho oososayensi baxokisa uhlaselo lwasemzini ukufezekisa uxolo lwehlabathi. Ewe, ngeli xesha asiyidingi, into esiyifunayo kukufumana ukhuthazo lwemali. "
45. "Imveliso ayisiyiyo yonke into, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha phantse ibe yiyo yonke into."
46. «Ukuvela okwethutyana kokungazi, ixesha apho ukunyanzelisa kwethu ukujonga kwicala elithile kusenza ukuba singakwazi ukubona oko kulungileyo phantsi kwempumlo zethu, kunokuba lixabiso lenkqubela phambili, inxalenye engenakuphepheka yento eyenzekayo xa sizama ukuqonda Ubunzima, behlabathi. "
47. "Inyaniso ayizange iphile ngokuvisisana nephupha laseMelika."
48. «Kukho inkohlakalo eninzi; kukho abezopolitiko abazivumelayo ukuba bathengwe, nokuba kungabo banikela inxaxheba kwiphulo labo okanye ngokunyoba kwabo. "
49. "Xa uceliwe ukuba uthathe umrholo, kunzima kakhulu ukuba uyazi ukuba umphathi wakho uthatha ithuba kuwe."
50. “Inyaniso yeyokuba wonke umzekelo ophumeleleyo wophuhliso lwezoqoqosho kwinkulungwane ephelileyo, zonke iimeko zelizwe elihlwempuzekileyo elifikelele kwinqanaba lokuphila elingaphantsi okanye elingaphantsi, okanye ubuncinci, lifezekisiwe ngokudityaniswa kwehlabathi, oko kukuthi, ngemveliso kwintengiso zehlabathi, kunokuba uzame ukoneliseka. "
51. "Ndinabahlobo, oososayensi bezopolitiko, iingcali kwezentlalo, ababelana ngomdla ubuncinci kwiintlobo ezithile zeentsomi."
52. "Asinyanisekanga ebantwini ukuba sinika umbono wokuba ukuncitshiswa kwerhafu kuyahlawula kwaye kuzihlawulela."
53. "Ukukwazi kwelizwe ukuphucula umgangatho wokuphila ngokuhamba kwexesha kuxhomekeke phantse ngokupheleleyo kumandla alo okunyusa imveliso yawo ngomsebenzi ngamnye."
54. “Ukulwa nokudodobala kwezoqoqosho kunyanzelekile ukuba iFed iphendule ngenkani; Inkcitho yosapho kufuneka inyuswe ukubuyekeza utyalo-mali lweshishini olusokolayo. "
55. "Oososayensi bemozulu kungekudala babona ukuba uphando lwabo aluhoywanga kuphela kodwa bayatshutshiswa."
56. "Okona kunokuthiwa malunga nomgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho kolu xinzelelo kukuba, ubukhulu becala, sikuthintele ukuphindaphinda okupheleleyo koxinzelelo olukhulu.
57. "Kwiimeko ezininzi, mhlawumbi phantse zonke, urhwaphilizo luphazanyiswa kwaye kunzima ngakumbi ukuluchonga."
58. "Nokuba umda wetyala uphakanyisiwe ngokwaneleyo ukuthintela ukungaphumeleli kwangoko, nokuba ukuvalwa kukarhulumente ngandlela thile kuyakuba kukumiswa kwethutyana."
59. "Ndiyakholelwa kuluntu olulinganayo, luxhaswa ngamaziko anciphisa ubutyebi nentlupheko."
60. "Ngaphezu kwako konke, kufuneka siyeke ukwenza ngathi sineengxoxo ezinyanisekileyo nezinyanisekileyo."
61. «Ngaba siya kuba nawo amandla okwenza uhlengahlengiso olunzulu kwinkqubo yezemali? Ukuba akunjalo, ingxaki yangoku ayizukuba yinto ethile, kodwa ipateni eza kulandela kamva. "
62. "Abapolitiki bavuzwa ngokubamba izikhundla ezithile, kwaye oku kubenza babakhusele ngokungqongqo, kwaye bade baziqinisekise ukuba abazithenganga."
63. «Ndiyakholelwa kwidemokhrasi, inkululeko yoluntu kunye nomthetho. Lonto indenza ndikhululeke kwaye ndiyazingca ngayo. "
64. Kodwa umzekelo waseCalifornia uyaqhubeka nokundiphazamisa. Ngubani onokucinga ukuba elona lizwe likhulu eUnited States, ilizwe elinoqoqosho olukhulu kunelo kunamazwe amaninzi kodwa ambalwa, linokuba lula njengeRiphabliki yebhanana?
65. "Ngaphandle, kunzima ukubona umahluko phakathi kwento 'abayikholelwa ngokwenene' kunye nento abahlawulwayo ukuba bayikholelwe."
66. "Nje ukuba uqoqosho luxinezeleke ngokunzulu, amakhaya kwaye ngakumbi amashishini angangakulungeli ukunyusa inkcitho nokuba angakanani imali anayo, banokongeza nje nakuphi na ukwanda kwemali kwibhodi yabo yabalawuli."
67. "Ezopolitiko zichonga ukuba ngubani onamandla, hayi ukuba ngubani onenyani."
68. "Ingcamango yokuba ukunyaniseka ekujonganeni nenyaniso yinto efanelekileyo ibonakala ilahlekile ebomini boluntu."
69. "Amabali abantu abaphuma kwintlupheko kwaye bazizityebi kakhulu, kunqabile kakhulu."
70. "Ekuphela kwendlela yokwenza intsingiselo yento eyenzekileyo kukubona ivoti njengomboniso, wezopolitiko."
71. "Imvelaphi yokubandezeleka kwethu ayibalulekanga ngokolandelelwano lwendalo iphela, kwaye inokulungiswa ngokukhawuleza nangokulula ukuba bekukho abantu abaneleyo kwizikhundla zamandla abayiqondayo inyaniso."
72. "Akukho mntu unyanisekileyo ngokugqibeleleyo, kodwa ulwandle olucacileyo lobuxoki esihluphekayo ngoku yinto entsha."
73. "Imeko enjalo, apho umgaqo wemali ungasebenziyo, sele usaziwa njengomgibe wokuhlawula amatyala."
74. "Abangaqinisekiswanga namhlanje ngabantu abancinci okanye iintsapho ezincinci."
75. «Itekhnoloji ngumhlobo wethu. Sinoqoqosho olukhupha ezantsi apho sifikelela khona ngexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu. "
76. "Hayi indlela ekuqinisekisa ngayo, ke, ukuxelelwa ukuba yonke into ayinamsebenzi, kwaye ekuphela kwento ekufuneka uyazi ziimbono ezimbalwa ezilula!"
77. "Sonke sisengozini kwiinkolelo ezilungele thina."
78. "Iimeko zepolitiki kuzwelonke ke ngoko zibalasele kubumbano lwehlabathi."
79. "Abangobantu, kodwa izimvo ezikhuselwe ngamandla ngabapolitiki abathile kunye nabahlomli beendaba, zihlala zilondolozo, kwaye banesimo esinye ngokufanayo: abanasiseko kwaphela."
80. "Uluvo lokuba inye kuphela into ekuthiwa yi-capitalism aluchanekanga."

Ngubani uPaul Robin Krugman?

Ngoku ukuba siyazi amabinzana aziwayo kaPaul Krugman, makhe sithethe kancinci ngobomi bakhe. Imalunga nesazi ngezoqoqosho saseMelika esazalwa ngo-1953 e-Albany. Wafumana i-BA kwezoqoqosho kwiYunivesithi yaseYale kunye ne-Ph.D. Kwezoqoqosho kwi-MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Ngokumalunga nobomi bakhe bokusebenza, uKrugman wayesebenza njengomfundisi-ntsapho kwiiyunivesithi ezininzi, phakathi kwazo kukho iYunivesithi yasePrinceton. Nangona kunjalo, le economist ibhiyozelwayo Kugqame ngokukodwa ngokuphumelela i-Nobel Prize ku-Economics ngo-2008. Le ndlela yokuhamba yenza amabinzana kaPaul Krugman abe ngumthombo olungileyo wokukhuthaza kunye nokufunda.

Ithini ingcamango kaPaul Krugman?

Ayisiyo kuphela amabinzana kaPaul Krugman adumileyo, kodwa kwanethiyori yakhe yorhwebo. Ngokwesiko, uHeckscher no-Ohlin babekhuthaza urhwebo phakathi kwamashishini ahlukeneyo, ngelixa uKrugman ecebisa ithiyori ejongene norhwebo lwangaphakathi. Oko kukuthi, ngokwale economist ithengiswa kumazwe aphesheya phakathi kwamazwe imeko yawo yezoqoqosho ifanayo kunye nohlobo olufanayo lweemveliso.

Kuqala kwakucingelwa ukuba urhwebo luxhomekeke ikakhulu kwindlela ekuhanjiswa ngayo izinto ezahlukeneyo kwimveliso kwilizwe ngalinye, oko kukuthi: ezabasebenzi, umhlaba kunye nenkunzi. Ngale ndlela yayiqondakala into yokuba urhwebo lwamanye amazwe lwalunaniselwano phakathi kwamazwe asemazantsi nawasemantla. Ngesi sizathu, wonke umntu uyaphumelela njengoko amazwe egxile kwezi mveliso zikwimveliso yazo isebenza ngokukuko.

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

Iingcaphuno zikaMilton Friedman

Nangona kunjalo, uPaul Krugman wenza izifundo ezininzi ezibonisa ukuba urhwebo lwamanye amazwe lwenziwa ngemveliso zohlobo olufanayo. Yintoni egqithisile, utshintshiselwano lwenzeka kuphela kumazwe asentla. Ukususela ngalo mzuzu kwavela into ebizwa ngokuba "ithiyori entsha yorhwebo" ephuhliswe nguPaul Krugman. Ngokutsho kwakhe, abo baxhamla ngokwenene kurhwebo lwamanye amazwe kunye noqoqosho olunamashishini amaninzi. Ke ngoko, le ngcali yezoqoqosho iyayikhaba imbono yesiko lokuba urhwebo lwamanye amazwe luyonyusa intlalontle ngokubanzi.

Njengoko sinokubona kungekuphela ngamabinzana kaPaul Krugman, kodwa nakwithiyori yakhe, ungumntu obaluleke kakhulu kuluntu kunye nengqondo eqaqambileyo. Ndiyathemba ukuba eli nqaku beliluncedo kwaye likukhuthaza.