Ngokuchasene noko abantu abaninzi bakholelwa kuko, igolide ayizezona ntsimbi zibiza kakhulu kwintengiso, ubuncinci hayi rhoqo. Ngapha koko, i-palladium, yeqela leplatinam, lidlule kwixabiso legolide ngo-2002 kwaye kwakhona ngo-2019. Kodwa yintoni eyenza ipalladium ibaluleke ngakumbi kunegolide?
Ukuba unomdla kule ntsimbi, ungaphoswa leli nqaku. Siza kuchaza ukuba yintoni, ifunyanwa phi, isetyenziselwa ntoni kwaye kutheni ixabiso layo lingaphezulu kwelegolide, kubandakanya amaxabiso abaluleke kakhulu afikelelwe yi-palladium.
Yintoni ipalladium?
Xa sithetha nge-palladium sibhekisa kwinto yemichiza enombolo yayo ye-athomu ingama-46. Oku kuthetha ukuba ineeproton ezingama-46 zizonke ngaphakathi kwenucleus yayo kunye nezinye ii-electron ezingama-46 ezijikeleza kuyo. Njengokuba inani leeproton kunye nee-elektronon zilingana, isixa sentlawulo elungileyo nesingalunganga siyalingana, kunika i-athomu ngombane ongathathi hlangothi jikelele. Ukufumana i-palladium kwitheyibhile yamaxesha, kufuneka sijonge isimboli Pd. Le element yemichiza bobabo iqela platinum enezibalo ezithandathu zesinyithi ezineempawu ezifanayo ze-physicochemical.
Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, i-palladium ibithathwa njengentsimbi exabisekileyo ngenxa yombala wayo wesilivere kunye nokunqaba kwayo. Nangona kunjalo, eyona nto iyinika ixabiso liipropathi zayo kunokubonakala kwayo:
- Ayinamhlwa xa idibana nomoya.
- Iyathamba kwaye ithambile.
- Kwiqela leplatinum, sisinyithi esincinci esincinci kwaye indawo yayo yokunyibilika ingaphantsi kunezinye.
- Ngaba ukufunxa H2 (Imolekyuli yehydrogen) kubungakanani obukhulu.
Ngokuchanekileyo kungenxa yamandla ayo okufunxa uH2 ukuba i-palladium ihlala isetyenziswa kwi-catalysts zemoto, njengoko inako ukufunxa kude kungabikho ngaphezulu kwaye kungabi ngaphantsi kwama-900 umthamo wayo.
Uphi i-palladium efumaneka kwindalo?
Njengoko sele sitshilo apha ngasentla, ipalladium yinto enqabileyo. Kwindalo ihlala ifumaneka ngohlobo lweealloys nezinye izinyithi ezikwiqela elinye, leplatinam. Oku kubandakanya i-rhodium okanye i-ruthenium, iplatinam uqobo, kunye nokudityaniswa kwegolide. Nangona kunjalo, Eyona ngxaki iphambili kukuba kufuneka kwenziwe izixa ezikhulu zeeminerali ukuze kufumaneke nepalladium encinci. Obu bunzima bokuyifumana bonyusa ixabiso lazo.
Ngokubhekisele kwiidipozithi ezininzi, ezi zifumaneka kwii-Ural Mountains. Ngesi sizathu ayothusi loo nto I-Russia ivelisa malunga ne-50% yazo zonke i-palladium kwimarike yehlabathi. I-50% eseleyo ihanjiswe emigodini kwamanye amazwe: e-Australia, Canada, United States, Ethiopia nase Mzantsi Afrika.
Kukho enye indlela yokufumana i-palladium kwinkunkuma yamafutha enyukliya. Oku kufuna ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo ibandakanya inqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu lemitha, ke ayisetyenziswa.
Yintoni ukusetyenziswa kwepalladium?
IPalladium inezicelo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo apho indima yayo kwihlabathi lezithuthi ibonakala. Abavelisi beemoto banxiba i-ceramic mesh ye-catalysts ngesi sinyithi. Ezi ziguquli ze-catalytic zifumaneka kuzo zombini iimoto zedizili kunye nepetroli. Enkosi nge palladium kunye nezinye izinyithi zeqela leplatinam, iimoto zikhupha ukungcola okungekho tyhefu, njengoko ziguqula zibe yicarbon dioxide kunye nomphunga wamanzi.
IPalladium ikwayintsimbi exabiseke kakhulu kubathengi ngombane ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo. Oku kukusetyenziswa kweli candelo:
- Yenza ingxubevange ngesilivere: Iyabandakanyeka ekwakhiweni kwee-electrode zee-capacitors ezifumaneka kwizixhobo zombane esizisebenzisa mihla le, ezinje ngeebhodi zee-mama zeethelevishini, iikhompyuter kunye neenkqubo zesandi.
- Umzimveliso ingxubevange: Isetyenziswa njengendawo yokutyabeka kwezo ndawo zinxibelelana nezinto zombane.
Ukongeza, kusetyenziswa i-palladium kwiipaneli zokuwelda, ngakumbi ezo zisetyenziselwa ubucwebe bokuqina kwayo kunye nokomelela kwayo. Olunye usetyenziso olunalo eli lilungu njengenye indlela yegolide emhlophe kunye nesityalo, kwifoto yokuququzelela ukukhula kweefilimu nakwintsimi ye-electrochemistry enkosi kumandla ayo amangalisayo okufumana i-hydrogen eninzi.
Ukuhlanganiswa okubandayo
Into enomdla kukuba, uninzi lwezazinzulu luye lwaya kwi-palladium ukubonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kubekho ukudibanisa okubandayo. Kodwa yintoni le? Yindlela apho iinjongo zayo ikuku phinda wenze umthombo apho unokufumana khona amandla ngamanani amakhulu ngokudityaniswa kwe-atomic nuclei phantsi kweemeko zoxinzelelo kunye nobushushu obufana nendawo eqhelekileyo. Okwangoku, izixhobo zombane zenyukliya ezenziwa zizazinzulu zifuna ukuba iplasma isetyenziselwe ukufikelela kubushushu obumalunga nezigidi ezingama-200 zeedigri. Yiyo kuphela kwendlela yokufumana isixa esikhulu samandla esikhutshiweyo.
Ngokucacileyo ngumceli mngeni omkhulu ukuphatha i-plasma enobushushu, ungasathethi ke ngawo onke amandla ekufuneka etyalwe ukuze uwatshise kakhulu. Yiyo kanye le nto izazinzulu zifuna ukuyiphepha nge-fusion ebandayo. Indima ye-palladium kolu buchule ibalulekile kuba amandla ayo okufumana i-hydrogen eninzi kubushushu begumbi kunokubangela, phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo, unxibelelwano lwenyukliya lomelele ngokwaneleyo ukukhupha amandla, ithiyori.
Nangona bekukho iimeko apho ezinye izazinzulu zibanga ukuba zikwazile ukuphinda ziphinde zidibane kubanda, zisebenzisa i-palladium, olu vavanyo alunakuphinda lwenziwe ngamanye amaqela ophando. Lo mbandela ubalulekile kubo ukuze bathathwe njengefanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, uphando lusaqhubeka kwaye mhlawumbi impumelelo ethile iya kufezekiswa kule minyaka imbalwa izayo.
Igolide vs. IPalladium: Yintoni ebiza kakhulu?
Ngoku ekubeni sisazi ukuba i-palladium isezandleni zamazwe ambalwa, ukuba kunqabile, yenzelwe ntoni kwaye ukuqhubekeka kwayo kubiza kakhulu, akukho nzima ukuqonda ukuba kutheni iyintsimbi ebiza kangaka. Ekugqibeleni, unikezelo lunqabile ngelixa ibango liphezulu, kwaye oko kuguqulela kwintengiso ngexabiso eliphezulu.
Kwakusekuqaleni kukaJanuwari 2019 apho i-palladium yakwazi ukugqithisa igolide ngexabiso. Oku akwenzekanga ukusukela ngo-2002, ke kuyamangalisa. Kodwa kutheni le nto iphumelele igolide? Ilula kakhulu: Ihlabathi lijolise ngakumbi ekunciphiseni amanqanaba ongcoliseko, ngakumbi kwiimoto.
IPalladium sisinyithi esisisiseko salo msebenzi. Akhawunti yeeMoto akukho ngaphezulu kwaye akukho ngaphantsi kwe-80% yokusetyenziswa kwepalladium. Ngenxa yamanyathelo athathwe ngoorhulumente abaninzi, ngakumbi owase China, imigaqo yongcoliseko kwizithuthi iye yaqiniswa. Ke, ii-automaker ziyanyanzelwa ukuba zisebenzise ngakumbi i-palladium kwimveliso yeemoto. Kuqikelelwa ukuba malunga ne-85% yesi sinyithi senzelwe iinkqubo zeemoto. Apho, indima ye-palladium kukunceda ukuguqula izinto ezingcolisayo zibe ngumphunga wamanzi ongenabungozi kunye nekhabhon diokside.
Indaleko yePalladium
Xa i-palladium yaqala ukunyuka kwaye yafumana igolide ngo-2019, liphindaphindwe ngexabiso kwimicimbi nje yeenyanga. Ekuqaleni konyaka, ngoJanuwari 2019, ixabiso lentengiso lale ntsimbi lafikelela kuma-1389,25 eedola zaseMelika. Kunyaka kamva, ngoFebruwari 2020, ixabiso layo liphindwe kabini, lafikelela kuma-2884,04 aphezulu. Njengoko besesitshilo, oku kunyuka ngokukhohlakeleyo kwenzeke ngaxeshanye, okanye ke, sisiphumo sesigqibo sikarhulumente sokuqinisa ulawulo longcoliseko olubangelwa ziimoto.
Kwiinyanga ezilandelayo ixabiso laphinda lehla kancinci, kodwa ke kunjalo laphawula elinye inqanaba eliphezulu xa lalifanele ama-3014,13 eedola zaseMelika kutshanje, ngo-Epreli wonyaka wama-2021. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, singo-Agasti walo nyaka, ixabiso lalo malunga ne-2600 ukuya kwi-2700 yeedola, ukubetha igolide ngamawaka eedola, oscillation abo kwiinyanga ezidlulileyo bebebuthathaka kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa. Ngelixa i-avareji yeminyaka emibini edlulileyo ye-palladium ihambelana ne-2067,87 yeedola, leyo yegolide yi- $ 1669,02, umahluko omkhulu.
Kodwa ngaba licebo elilungileyo ukutyala imali kwi-palladium? Ngubani owaziyo. Kungangumbono olungileyo ukuqaphela imfuno enkulu yale nto inqabile kwaye kunzima ukuyifumana. Ezi mpawu azizukutshintsha kwixa elizayo. Nangona kunjalo, sele ifikelele kwixabiso eliphezulu kakhulu, ngenxa yoko kusenokwenzeka ukuba siphoswe nguloliwe. Ekugqibeleni, akunakwenzeka ukuba uqikelele oko kuya kwenzeka ngokuqinisekileyo ngokupheleleyo. Ngoku ngoku siliqonda ngcono ixabiso le-palladium, kuya kuba lula kuthi ukuba sithathe isigqibo sokuba ngaba sifuna ukutyala imali ngalo mbandela okanye ukuba kungcono senze njalo.