Kupesana nezvinotendwa nevanhu vazhinji, goridhe haisi simbi inodhura pamusika, zvirinani kwete nguva dzose. Muchokwadi, palladium, iri yeboka replatinamu, yakapfuura kukosha kwegoridhe muna 2002 uye zvakare muna 2019. Asi chii chinoita kuti palladium ive yakakosha kudarika goridhe?
Kana iwe uchifarira simbi iyi, usapotsa ichi chinyorwa. Tichatsanangura kuti chii, inowanikwa kupi, chii chainoshandiswa uye kuti sei kukosha kwayo kwakapfuura iyo yegoridhe, kusanganisira akakosha akakosha epamusoro ayo palladium yakasvika.
Chii chinonzi palladium?
Kana tichitaura nezve palladium tinoreva chinhu chemakemikari chine nhamba yeatomu iri makumi mana nenhanhatu. Izvi zvinoreva kuti ine ma proton makumi mana nematanhatu mukati memukono wayo uye mamwe maerekitironi makumi mana nematanhatu ari kutenderera. Sezvo huwandu hwemapurotoni nemaerekitironi akafanana, huwandu hwechaipo uye husina kunaka hwakaenzana, zvichikonzera kuatomu ine kwese kwese kwese kwese kwese magetsi emagetsi. Kuti tiwane palladium patafura ye periodic, tinofanirwa kutsvaga chiratidzo Pd. Ichi chemakemikari element ndeyeboka replatinamu iyo ine zvitanhatu zvesimbi zvine akafanana akafanana physicochemical zvivakwa.
Kubva panguva dzekare, palladium yanga ichionekwa sesimbi yakakosha nekuda kwemavara ayo esirivha uye kushomeka kwayo. Asi zvakadaro, izvo zvinonyatsoipa kukosha kwayo zvivakwa zvayo kwete chimiro chayo.
- Iyo haina ngura kana ichinge yasangana nemhepo.
- Iyo inogona kuumbika uye yakapfava.
- Muboka replatinamu, ndiyo simbi diki diki uye iyo poindi yekunyungudika iri pasi pane mamwe.
- Inogona kupinza H2 (molecular hydrogen) muhuwandu hwakawanda.
Izvo chaizvo nekuda kwesimba rayo kupinza H2 iyo palladium inowanzo shandiswa mumotokari zvinokonzeresa, sezvo ichikwanisa kupinza kusvika pasisina uye isingasviki mazana mapfumbamwe huwandu hwayo.
Iko kupi palladium inowanikwa mune zvakasikwa?
Sezvatatotaura, palladium chinhu chisingawanzoitika. Mune zvakasikwa zvinowanzo kuwanikwa muchimiro chemakoto nedzimwe simbi dzeboka rimwe chete, iro replatinamu. Izvi zvinosanganisira rhodium kana ruthenium, platinum pachayo, uye zvakare yakarongedzwa negoridhe. Kunyange zvakadaro, dambudziko hombe nderekuti zvakakosha kugadzirisa huwandu hwakawanda hwemaminerari kuitira kuti uwane kunyange shoma palladium. Uku kunetsekana kwekuiwana kunowedzera kuwedzera kukosha kwayo.
Kana zviri zvemari zhinji kwazvo, aya anowanikwa muUral Mountains. Neichi chikonzero hazvishamise kuti Russia inogadzira angangoita makumi mashanu muzana ezvese palladium pamusika wepasi rose. 50% yasara inoparadzirwa mumigodhi mune dzimwe nyika: Australia, Canada, United States, Ethiopia neSouth Africa.
Kune imwezve nzira yekuwana palladium kubva kune nyukireya mafuta marara. Izvi zvinoda kushandiswa kwenyukireya fission reactors. Kunyange zvakadaro, maitiro aya anosanganisira yakakwira kwazvo mwero we radiation, saka hazvishandiswe.
Chii chiri kushandiswa kwepalladium?
Palladium ine akati wandei anokosha ekushandisa ayo basa rayo mune yemotokari nyika inomira. Vagadziri vemota vanopfekedza zvedongo zvedongo zvekugadzirisa nesimbi iyi. Aya mahedheni ekuchinja anowanikwa mune ese dhiziri uye peturu mota. Kutenda palladium nedzimwe simbi dzeboka replatinamu, mota dzinodzinga zvinosvibisa zvishoma, sezvavanodzishandura kuita carbon dioxide nemhute yemvura.
Palladium zvakare iri simbi yakakosheswa zvakanyanya mumagetsi emutengi nekuda kwekuita kwayo kwakawanda. Aya ndiwo mashandisiro ayo mune ino chikamu:
- Chiwanikwa pamwe sirivha: Inobatanidzwa mukuumbwa kwema electrode emagetsi anowanikwa mune akawanda emagetsi zvigadzirwa atinoshandisa zuva nezuva, senge mamai mamaiti eterevhizheni, makomputa uye zvigadzirwa zvemhere.
- Nickel chiwanikwa: Inoshandiswa sekuputira nzvimbo idzo panosangana magetsi zvikamu.
Uye zvakare, palladium inoshandiswa pamapaneti ekutengesa, kunyanya iwo anoshandiswa muzvishongo mukugara kwayo uye kusimba. Zvimwe zvinoshandiswa izvo chinhu ichi chine senge imwe yegoridhe chena uye chirimwa, mukutora mifananidzo kufambisa budiriro yemafirimu uye mumunda we electrochemistry nekuda kwekugona kwayo kunoshamisa kwekutora hydrogen muhuwandu hwakawanda.
Kutonhora fusion
Sezvineiwo, masayendisiti mazhinji akatendeukira kune palladium kuti aratidze kuti pane mukana wekugadzira fusion inotonhora. Asi chii ichi? Iyo nzira ine chinangwa chiri tangazve sosi kubva kwayanowana simba muhuwandu hwakawanda kuburikidza nekusanganiswa kweatomu nuclei pasi pemamiriro ese kumanikidza uye tembiricha yakafanana neyakajairwa nharaunda. Parizvino, iyo nyukiliya fusion reactors iyo masayendisiti ari kuyedza inoda iyo plasma inoshandiswa kusvika tembiricha ingangoita mazana emamirioni emadhigirii. Ndiyo chete nzira yekuwana huwandu hwesimba hwakaburitswa.
Zviripachena kunonetsa kubata plasma neiyo tembiricha, tisingataure simba rese rinofanirwa kupihwa mari kuti ripise zvakanyanya. Izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvinoda kudzivirirwa nemasayendisiti nekusanganisa kutonhora. Basa re palladium mune iyi hunyanzvi rakakosha nekuti kugona kwaro kwekutora yakanyanya hydrogen pashizha tembiricha kunogona kukonzera, pasi pemamiriro akakodzera, kudyidzana kwenyukireya kwakasimba zvakakwana kusunungura simba, dzidziso.
Kunyangwe paive nezviitiko umo mamwe masayendisiti aiti akakwanisa kudzokorora kutonhorera kutonhora, vachishandisa palladium, izvi zviedzo zvaisagona kuitwazve nemamwe mapoka ekutsvagisa. Izvi zvakakosha kuti vaonekwe sevanoshanda. Nekudaro, kutsvagisa kuchiri kuenderera uye pamwe kumwe kubudirira kunozowanikwa mumakore mashoma anotevera.
Ndarama vs. Palladium: Chii chinodhura?
Zvino zvatave kuziva kuti palladium iri mumaoko emaiko mashoma, kuti ishoma, ndeyei uye kuti kugadzirwa kwayo kuri kudhura, hazvinetsi kunzwisisa kuti nei iri simbi inodhura kudaro. Pakupedzisira, kuwanikwa kuri kushomeka apo kudiwa kuri kukwirira, uye izvo zvinoshandura mumusika nemutengo wakakwira.
Paive pakutanga kwaNdira 2019 apo palladium yakakwanisa kudarika goridhe mumutengo. Izvi hazvina kuitika kubvira 2002, saka zvinoshamisa. Asi nei yakakunda goridhe? Zviri nyore kwazvo: Nyika iri kuwedzera kuisa pfungwa pakuderedza kusvibiswa, kunyanya kubva kumotokari.
Palladium isimbi yakakosha pabasa iri. Automaker account haina zvekare uye isingasviki makumi masere muzana epalladium yekushandisa. Nekuda kwematanho akatorwa nehurumende zhinji, kunyanya iya yeChina, mirau yekusvibisa kubva mumotokari yakasimbiswa. Saka, automaker vanomanikidzwa kushandisa palladium yakawanda mukugadzira mota. Inofungidzirwa kuti ingangoita 85% yesimbi iyi yakagadzirirwa hurongwa hwemotokari. Iko, iro basa repalladium nderokubatsira kushandura zvine chepfu zvinosvibisa mumhepo isinganetsi mvura uye kabhoni dhayokisaidhi.
Palladium shanduko
Palladium payakatanga kukwira nekuwana goridhe muna 2019, yakapetwa kaviri mukukosha mune chingori mwedzi chete. Pakutanga kwegore, munaNdira 2019, mutengo wemusika wesimbi iyi wakasvika pamadhora chiuru nemazana matatu nemakumi mapfumbamwe neshanu emadhora ekuAmerica. Gore rakatevera, muna Kukadzi 1389,25, kukosha kwayo kwakapetwa kaviri, kuchisvika yakakwira madhora 2020. Sezvatakambotaura kare, kusimuka kwehutsinye uku kwakaitika, kana kuti, zvaive mugumisiro wesarudzo yehurumende yekusimbisa kudzora kwekusvibisa kunokonzerwa nemotokari.
Mwedzi yakatevera mutengo wakadonha zvishoma zvakare, asi zvakadaro wakaratidza imwe nzvimbo yepamusoro apo yaikosha US $ 3014,13 nguva pfupi yadarika, muna Kubvumbi 2021. Kubva nhasi, tiri muna Nyamavhuvhu wegore rino, kukosha kwayo kwakatenderedza 2600 kusvika 2700 madhora , kurova goridhe nezviuru zvemadhora, ane oscillations mumwedzi ichangopfuura anga akareruka pakuenzanisa. Nepo avhareji yemakore maviri apfuura epalladium ichienderana ne $ 2067,87, iyo yegoridhe iri $ 1669,02, mutsauko wakakura.
Asi ipfungwa yakanaka here yekudyara mu palladium? Ndiani anoziva. Iri rinogona kunge riri zano rakanaka uchifunga kudiwa kukuru kwechinhu ichi uye kushomeka uye kunonetsa kuwana. Hunhu uhwu hahuzo shanduka munguva pfupi iri kutevera. Zvisinei, yakatosvika pamutengo wakakwira kwazvo, saka tingave takarasikirwa nechitima ichi. Mukupedzisira, hazvigoneke kufanotaura zvichaitika uine chokwadi chizere. Izvozvi zvatiri kunyatsonzwisisa kukosha kweiyo palladium, zvichave nyore kwatiri kuti tione kana tichida kuisa mari mune iyi nyaya kana kana zviri nani ngazviitwe.