Yakawandisa nhoroondo yezvakaitika, nzira yekutengesa yakagadzwa muAtlantic Ocean, inoshanda kubva muzana regumi neshanu kusvika zana remakumi maviri, ichi uye nezvimwe zvaive zvekutengeserana katatu.
Muchinyorwa chino isu tichapa chiratidzo chekare icho chingaenzaniswe nechazvino, zvichitibvumidza kuongorora chiitiko chakakura zvine kukosha kwepasirese izvo zvine mhedzisiro nhasi.
Ichi chiitiko chinotora zita racho nekuda kwechimiro chetriangle chaakadhirowa pamepu kutarisisa kwayo, nzira uye zvimiro zveiyo nzvimbo; inosanganisira makondinendi matatu.
Rudzi urwu rwechiitiko uye kurongwa kwenzira dzaro dzegungwa zvine simba zvinokanganisa hupfumi hwenyika hwazvino?
Nhasi tinogona kutaura kuti hupfumi hwenyika hwazvino uno mugumo kune hukuru hwenzendo dzekuEurope dzekutsvaga dzakaitwa muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX nerechiXNUMX.
Kukosha kwekushambadzira pakati penyika kwakave kwakakosha kunyangwe kutanga kwekutanga kwetatu, kuri panguva iyoyo kumakondinendi akasiyana.
Ndichitarisa kumashure pane zvakaitika
Kubva panguva dzekare, ingangove yechinyakare, huranda hwaivepo nenzira dzakasiyana siyana, mune imwe nzira kana imwe yakagara iripo mumasimba ehupenyu hwerudzi rwevanhu, ichikunda uye ichidzvinyirira.
VaRoma, vaGiriki, vaBhabhironi kana vaIjipita, vaishandiswa sevaranda kuvanhu vazhinji mumaguta akakundwa; pazviitiko zvakawanda vanhu vasina kubhadhara zvikwereti zvavo kana nekuda kwekuti vakaverengerwa muchikamu chevanhu vevatorwa; inofungidzirwa kunge yakaderera uye inokodzera zviito zvakadaro kwavari zvinoenderana nehunyanzvi hwehupenyu uye kuongororwa kwemamiriyoni evanhu.
MuMiddle Ages maneti enzira dzeArabhu dzakabuda izvo zvakagadzirirwa kutamiswa kwevaranda kubva pakati peAfrica, netiweki yeNairi, iya yemakungwa makuru nedzimwe nzvimbo
Kana America yawanikwa neWest, iyo Indian kutengeserana inosimbiswa pamwero mukuru. Portuguese neSpanish vatove muna 1493 vakapatsanura Nyika Itsva, ndokutanga nzira isingaenzaniswi kuitira kushandisa matunhu aya.
Mune mazhinji enzvimbo dzenzvimbo iyi, kunyanya muAntilles, huwandu hwevanhu hwakaparadzwa nekuda kwehondo dzinowanzoitika pazviitiko izvi, hosha dzakange dzaunzwa kubva kuEurope uye zvakawandisa chibereko chekushungurudzwa nekusabatwa zvakanaka. nenzira ine hutsinye.
Vashandi vaive vakasimba, vakawandisa uye vakachipa vaidikanwa nekukurumidza, nekuda kwekuda kushandisa nzvimbo dziri muAmerica, migodhi yayo yesirivha negoridhe, pamwe nemamiriro ese anovimbisa anogona kuonekwa mune dzakasiyana hupfumi.
Paive paine kare kurudziro yekutora varanda vemuAfrica, vane simba rekusimba raizivikanwa, uye vaizopa vimbiso yekupindura kumanikidziro uye nekunyanyisa basa rakarongwa nekuzivikanwa kunofanirwa kuitwa.
Pakati pezana ramakore rinotevera, maChirungu anotorawo kumhanya kwavo, vachinanga kumakoloni eAmerica, vachiteverwa nedzimwe nyika dzeEurope dzakadai seDenmark, France neNetherlands. Muna 1685, Colbert akagadzirisa hutapwa uye yekutanga Black Code yakaziviswa, zvichiita kuti huranda huve hukuru nenzira iyi.
Izvo zvaive zvichikwanisika kutaura kuti chiitiko chehuranda, chine simba rekutanga mune ino mamiriro chakakanganisa nharaunda yevaIndia kutanga uye gare gare kuAfrica, yakanga ichichinja hunhu hwayo.
Nebudiriro yakatwasuka "kutengeserana kwetatu" kuri kusimukira, kutengeswa kwevaranda.
Vakabatwa nekutengeswa vakadzi, varume nevana. Hunhu hwakakosha uye hwakakosha hwevanhu zviuru makumi maviri nezvishanu kusvika makumi matatu ndiyo nhamba yakachengetedzwa yevanhu vakabviswa nechisimba kubva kumatunhu avo, vasina kupinda muchiverengero ichi kufa kusingaverengeke mungarava uye mukukonana mumaitiro ekutora nehondo dzakabatana, dzavaizowedzera huwandu hukuru hwevanhu vanobatwa.
Triangular Trade: Rwendo rweNzira Nhatu
Kutengeserana katatu kwakatanga kunyanya kuWestern Europe, munyika dzakaita seFrance, Holland, England nePortugal, nezvinhu zvakasiyana uye zvinogadzira, kusvika kumadokero kwegungwa reAfrica pakati penzizi dzeSenegal neCongo, apo ipapo zvigadzirwa zvakaita semirazi, machira akadhura, mabhero nezvimwe, zvakashandiswa kuchinjaniswa. Pane imwe nguva imomo, varanda vatema vaitakurwa, vachipihwa nevatengesi vemuno nevakuru.
Nekumira padyo muzvitsuwa zveAntilles kana pamhenderekedzo yeAmerica, Varanda vekuEurope nekutengesa zvakatengeswa, kurodha ngarava kudzokera kuEurope ine zvigadzirwa zvakaita simbi dzinokosha, cocoa, fodya uye shuga.
Iyi nzira yekutengeserana kuyambuka Atlantic, iyo yaive yakapararira nguva pfupi yapfuura mushure mekuwanikwa, uye ichienderera kusvika pakatanga Hondo yeVanhu veAmerica, yaisanganisira nenzira yakapfupikiswa zvinhu zvinotevera.
- Ndiwedzere kutengeswa kwevaranda kubva kuAfrica kondinendi kuenda kuNyika Idzva. Yatove pavhu reAmerica, mapoka evaranda akamanikidzwa kushanda muminda inogadzira donje, shuga uye mamwe marudzi ezvigadzirwa zvekutanga.
- Export kuEurope yezvakakosha zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa uye mbishi zvinhu. Zvizhinji zvezvinhu zvakatengeswa pasi pemhando dzakasiyana dzekutengesa uye zvakatora chikamu mukugadzira zvigadzirwa.
- Chikamu chekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa kubva kune zvakagadziriswa simba, zvakatumirwa kuAfrica, uko kwavakatengesa navo uye kubhadhara kwevaranda kwakaitwa.
Iyo nzira yaive nehunyanzvi uye mashandiro ekuita kumidziyo yegungwa, zvichipiwa kutenderera kwemaseru kwemhepo nemafungu egungwa aripo akakomberedza Azores anticyclone.
Hunyanzvi uhu hwekushandisa pakufamba hwaikwanisa kuchinjaniswa uye kushandiswa, mushure mekuwanikwa mumunda weGeography kwakaitika mukupera kwezana ramakore rechigumi nemashanu.
Mune mhando iyi yekutengeserana pakanga paine kuenderera kwekutsvaga kwekugona mune mashandiro uye zvakajairika mashandiro eichi chiitiko, maitiro ayo parizvino anochengetwa mukutengesa pasirese yepasi uye mune ayo anoisarudza nekuisimudzira.
Chikepe chimwe chete chaigona kupedzisa dunhu rese kubva kuLiverpool yakatakura mweya, zvombo, uye machira; kunanga kunzvimbo dzakakosha pamhenderekedzo yeWest Africa, ichi chiri chekutanga kumira. Chikamu chechipiri chemugwagwa chakabva chatanga, ichiita kuyambuka nemuAtlantic Ocean yakatakurwa nevaranda vakananga kuAntillean Islands kana kuAmerican coast.
Pane imwe nguva munzvimbo iyi, varanda vakatengeswa uye zvikepe zvakatakurwa zvakare nefodya, donje, shuga, nezvimwewo, zvichidzokera kuchiteshi chekutanga.
Kunyangwe ichi chaive chaicho huzivi hwekutengesa katatu, kusarudza kwehunyanzvi yaive tsika kana rwendo rwekutanga rwaitwa. Kwaive kutengeserana kwehuwandu uye kukosha zvekuti zvaive zvine musoro kuvaka zvikepe zvaigona kuvhara gumbo rega rega rerwendo nenzira yakasarudzika.
Chero zvazvingava, izwi rekuti "kuita kwetatu" raive rakanakira kumiririra kuchinjaniswa kwematatu kwakawanikwa kwevaranda, zvigadzirwa uye zvigadzirwa. Pasina kufunga nezve chaiyo mafambiro uye nehunhu hwayo.
Hwehukama hwehukama hweichi chikamu uye mhando hwaive nemhedzisiro yakakosha nemhedzisiro inosvika pakusiyana kwehupfumi hupfumi hwenzvimbo dzakakanganiswa.. Neiyi nzira, "kutengeserana kwekoloni" kwakaratidzirwa, guta guru rakabatsirwa kubva kune huwandu hwakawedzerwa hwechigadzirwa chemaindasitiri, ikoloni iri pasi pechisungo chekoloni, nebasa rekutapa.
Kukuvadza pamatanho akakura, uye kupinza kondinendi yeAfrica mumazana emakore ekudzokera shure kwehupfumi uye nyonganiso dzezvematongerwo enyika, uranda hwaikuvadza zvakanyanya kunharaunda ino yepasi. Gare gare, kukoroni kwakarongeka kwakatevera icho chinonzi kupatsanurwa kweAfrica muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, apo kutengeswa kwevaranda kwakamiswa pasirese, zvinokuvadza zvisinga gadziriswe kunyangwe mushure mekudzorwa kwehutongi kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX.
Panguva iyo kutengeserana kwakatenderera kwaive kuri kusimukira, sezvazviri panguva ino, pakanga paine kumanikidzwa kudzikisa mitengo nekuwedzera mhando, zvichikonzera kusarudzwa kwakakosha uye sarudzo dzinofanirwa kuitwa.
Iwo maratidziro emakondinendi aive akatonyanya kuwanda kupfuura iwo airatidzwa mumufananidzo wakajeka wemativi matatu etriangle. Asia sekondinendi yechina yakaverengerwa mukushanya uku, sezvo machira akachinjaniswa nevaranda mudunhu reAfrica akauya chaiko kubva kuIndia, kubva ipapo akatumirwa kunze nemakambani eFrance neBritish akagadzwa munzvimbo iyi.
Iyo inoonekwa mune ino hunhu kana nzira yekutengesa yakarongedzwa mukati mehutatu hwekutengesa, kufanana nekutengeserana kwazvino.
Nhasi, makambani epasi rese akabudirira uye vanamuzvinabhizimusi muchikamu chemachira vanotendeukira kunyika dzeAsia kunogadzira zvigadzirwa zvavo, vachiwana mabhenefiti munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzakadai sedzemutengo wakaderera webasa, kushandiswa kwemirau isinganyanyodiwa kupfuura munyika dzavanobva, kuswedera padyo nenzvimbo izvo zvigadzirwa zvinoshandiswa, uye kwete zvisingawanzo zvemhando yepamusoro kupfuura izvo zvinowanikwa mune mamwe matunhu.
Nhasi zvinokwanisika kucherechedza kuomarara kwepasirese munharaunda yezvehupfumi, inova chiratidzo cheayo pachayo cherudzi rwekutsinhana pamatanho akakura uye chiyero icho kutengeserana kwakatenderedza kwakabata munguva yayo.
Kumwe kwekusiyana kukuru kuripo nhasi, kwakabatana nekutengeserana kwepasirese panguva iyoyo; ine chekuita nekufamba kwemashoko.
Kufambira mberi kwezvigadzirwa zvemazuva ano zvetekinoroji, internet uye kuyerera kwedata, zvinopa zvivakwa zvekutengesera vatambi padanho repasirese kuitira kuti vagone kutora nekugadzirisa huwandu hweruzivo rwunobatsira kutora sarudzo uye mukana wekudzora njodzi., Nekuita kunoshamisa.
Kuisa mumaonerwo uye nekufemerwa nezvakange zviine mativi matatu zvekutengeserana uye kukanganisa kwazvakaita pakutengesa kwanhasi, zvinoita kuti tishamisika Neshanduko dzipi dzinozoiswa nhasi nheyo dzemhando nyowani dzekutengesa dzinozoitika mune ramangwana?