Sabanin abin da mutane da yawa suka yi imani, zinari ba shine ƙarfe mafi tsada a kasuwa ba, aƙalla ba koyaushe ba. A zahiri, palladium, na ƙungiyar platinum, ya zarce darajar zinare a 2002 da kuma a shekarar 2019. Amma menene ya sa palladium ya fi zinari daraja?
Idan kuna sha'awar wannan ƙarfe, kada ku rasa wannan labarin. Za mu bayyana abin da yake, inda aka samo shi, abin da ake amfani da shi kuma me yasa ƙimarsa ta zarce ta zinariya, gami da mafi mahimmancin matsakaicin ƙimar da palladium ya kai.
Menene palladium?
Idan muna magana akan palladium muna nufin wani sinadari wanda lambar atom ɗin sa 46. Wannan na nufin yana da jimillar proton 46 a cikin tsakiyarsa da kuma wasu electrons 46 da suke zagaya da shi. Kamar yadda adadin protons da electrons iri ɗaya ne, adadin tabbatacce da mummunan cajin daidai yake, yana haifar da atom tare da cajin wutar lantarki gaba ɗaya. Don nemo palladium akan teburin lokaci -lokaci, dole ne mu nemi alamar Pd. Wannan sinadarin yana cikin rukunin platinum wanda yana da jimlar ƙarfe shida tare da kamanceceniya iri ɗaya.
Tun zamanin da, palladium ana ɗaukar ƙarfe mai daraja saboda launin azurfa da ƙarancinsa. Amma duk da haka, abin da yake ba shi ƙimarsa ƙimar sa ce maimakon kamaninta:
- Ba ya yin tsatsa lokacin da ya sadu da iska.
- Shi ne malleable da taushi.
- A cikin rukunin platinum, shine mafi ƙarancin ƙarfe mai ƙima kuma wurin narkewa yana ƙasa da sauran.
- Zai iya ɗaukar H2 (hydrogen hydrogen) a cikin adadi mai yawa.
Daidai ne saboda ƙarfinsa na ɗaukar H2 Sau da yawa ana amfani da palladium a cikin abubuwan kara kuzari na mota, saboda yana da ikon ɗaukar kusan ba fiye da sau 900 ƙarar sa ba.
A ina ake samun palladium a yanayi?
Kamar yadda muka riga muka ambata a sama, palladium abu ne wanda ba kasafai yake faruwa ba. A dabi'a galibi ana samun sa ta hanyar gami da sauran karafa mallakar ƙungiya ɗaya, ta platinum. Waɗannan sun haɗa da rhodium ko ruthenium, platinum kanta, kuma an haɗa shi da zinare. Duk da haka, babbar matsalar ita ce ta zama dole a sarrafa dimbin ma'adanai don samun ko da karamin adadin palladium. Wannan wahalar samun ta na ƙara ƙimarta.
Amma ga mafi yawan adibas, ana samun su a cikin tsaunukan Ural. A saboda wannan dalili ba abin mamaki bane cewa Rasha tana samar da kusan kashi 50% na duk palladium da ke wanzu a kasuwar duniya. Ragowar kashi 50% ana rarraba su a cikin ma'adinai a wasu ƙasashe: Ostiraliya, Kanada, Amurka, Habasha da Afirka ta Kudu.
Hakanan akwai wata hanyar samun palladium daga sharar mai na nukiliya. Wannan yana buƙatar yin amfani da injin fission na nukiliya. Duk da haka, wannan tsari ya ƙunshi babban matakin radiation, don haka ba a amfani da shi.
Menene amfanin palladium?
Palladium yana da aikace -aikace masu mahimmanci da yawa waɗanda rawar da yake takawa a duniyar mota ta yi fice. Masu kera motoci suna lulluɓe murfin yumɓu na masu haɗaka tare da wannan ƙarfe. Ana samun waɗannan masu jujjuyawar a cikin motocin dizal da na fetur. Godiya ga palladium da sauran karafa na ƙungiyar platinum, motoci suna fitar da gurɓatattun abubuwa masu guba, yayin da suke canza su zuwa carbon dioxide da tururin ruwa.
Palladium shima ƙarfe ne mai ƙima a cikin kayan lantarki saboda yawansa. Waɗannan su ne aikace -aikacensa a wannan sashin:
- Alloy tare da azurfa: Yana da hannu a cikin abubuwan da ke tattare da wayoyin wutar lantarki da aka samu a yawancin na'urorin lantarki da muke amfani da su yau da kullun, kamar allon uwa na talabijin, kwamfuta da tsarin sauti.
- Nickel Alloy: Ana amfani da shi azaman abin rufewa ga waɗancan wuraren inda sassan lantarki ke shiga.
Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da palladium a kan waldi bangarori, musamman waɗanda ake amfani da su a cikin kayan ado don tsayinsa da ƙarfinsa. Sauran aikace -aikacen da wannan sinadarin ke da su shine madadin farin zinare da shuka, a cikin ɗaukar hoto don sauƙaƙe ci gaban fina -finai kuma a fagen kimiyyar sinadarai godiya ga iyawarsa mai ban mamaki na shan sinadarin hydrogen a cikin adadi mai yawa.
Haɗin sanyi
Abin sha'awa, masana kimiyya da yawa sun juya zuwa palladium don nuna cewa akwai yuwuwar ƙirƙirar fushin sanyi. Amma menene wannan? Dabara ce wacce manufarta ita ce sake haifar da wata hanyar da za ta sami makamashi mai yawa ta hanyar haɗa ƙwayoyin nukiliya a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba da zazzabi mai kama da yanayin muhalli. A halin yanzu, masu sarrafa sinadarin nukiliya waɗanda masana kimiyya ke gwaji da su suna buƙatar plasma da ake amfani da ita don kai zafin jiki na kusan digiri miliyan 200. Ita ce kadai hanyar da za a fitar da dimbin makamashi.
Babu shakka yana da ƙalubale sosai don ɗaukar plasma tare da wannan zafin, ba tare da ambaton duk makamashin da dole ne a saka don dumama shi sosai. Wannan shine ainihin abin da masana kimiyya ke so su guji tare da haɗin sanyi. Matsayin palladium a cikin wannan dabarar tana da mahimmanci saboda ikonta na ɗaukar iskar hydrogen da yawa a cikin zafin jiki na ɗaki na iya haifar, a ƙarƙashin yanayin da ya dace, hulɗar nukiliya mai ƙarfi don sakin makamashi, a ka'ida.
Kodayake akwai lokuta inda wasu masana kimiyya suka yi iƙirarin cewa sun sami nasarar sake haɗa haɗin sanyi, ta amfani da palladium, sauran ƙungiyoyin bincike ba za su iya sake ƙirƙiro da waɗannan gwaje -gwajen ba. Wannan yanayin yana da mahimmanci don a ɗauka suna da inganci. Koyaya, bincike yana ci gaba kuma wataƙila za a sami wasu nasarori a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa.
Zinare vs. Palladium: Menene yafi tsada?
Yanzu da muka san cewa palladium yana hannun 'yan ƙasashe, yana da karanci, abin da ake amfani da shi kuma sarrafa shi yana da tsada sosai, ba shi da wahala a fahimci dalilin da yasa ya zama irin ƙarfe mai tsada. A ƙarshe, wadata ba ta da yawa yayin da bukatar ta yi yawa, kuma hakan yana fassara zuwa kasuwa tare da farashi mai tsada.
A farkon Janairu 2019 ne palladium yayi nasarar wuce zinare a farashi. Wannan bai faru ba tun 2002, don haka abin mamaki ne. Amma me yasa ya zarce zinare? Abu ne mai sauqi: Duniya na ƙara mai da hankali kan rage matakan gurɓata yanayi, musamman daga motoci.
Palladium shine ƙarfe na asali don wannan aikin. Masu kera motoci ba su da ƙari kuma ƙasa da kashi 80% na amfani da palladium. Sakamakon matakan da gwamnatoci da yawa, musamman na China suka ɗauka, an tsaurara ƙa'idodi kan gurɓatawa daga ababen hawa. Don haka, Ana tilasta masu kera motoci su yi amfani da ƙarin palladium wajen kera motoci. An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 85% na wannan ƙarfe an ƙaddara shi ne don tsarin fitar da motoci. A can, rawar palladium shine don taimakawa canza gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu zuwa ƙarancin turɓaya na ruwa da carbon dioxide.
Juyin Halittar Palladium
Lokacin da palladium ya fara hauhawa kuma ya mamaye zinari a cikin 2019, ya ninka darajar a cikin 'yan watanni kawai. A farkon shekara, a cikin Janairu 2019, farashin kasuwar wannan ƙarfe ya kai matsakaicin dalar Amurka 1389,25. Shekara guda bayan haka, a cikin Fabrairu 2020, ƙimarta ta ninki biyu, ta kai matsakaicin $ 2884,04. Kamar yadda muka riga muka ambata, wannan mummunan tashin hankali ya zo daidai, ko kuma, shine sakamakon shawarar gwamnatoci na tsaurara ƙa'idojin gurɓata muhalli da motoci ke haifarwa.
Watanni masu zuwa farashin ya sake raguwa kaɗan kaɗan, amma har yanzu yana nuna wani babban matsayi lokacin da ya kai dalar Amurka 3014,13 kwanan nan, a cikin Afrilu 2021. Har zuwa yau, muna cikin watan Agusta na wannan shekarar, ƙimar ta kusan 2600 zuwa 2700 daloli , doke zinare da dala dubu, wanda oscillations ɗin su a cikin 'yan watannin nan ya fi sauƙi a kwatanta. Yayin da matsakaicin shekaru biyu na palladium yayi daidai da $ 2067,87, na zinari shine $ 1669,02, babban bambanci.
Amma yana da kyau a saka jari a cikin palladium? Wanene ya sani. Yana iya zama kyakkyawan ra'ayi idan aka yi la'akari da babban buƙatar wannan kayan da ƙarancinsa da wahalar samu. Waɗannan halayen ba za su canza ba a nan gaba. Koyaya, ya riga ya kai farashi mai tsada, don haka wataƙila mun rasa wannan jirgin. A ƙarshe, ba shi yiwuwa a yi hasashen abin da zai faru da cikakken yaƙini. Yanzu da muka fahimci ƙimar palladium sosai, zai yi mana sauƙi mu yanke shawara idan muna son saka hannun jari a cikin wannan al'amari ko kuma idan mun fi bari.