A wannan karon za mu tattauna ne Alamar Gini Don yin wannan, zamu yi taƙaitaccen gabatarwa game da abin da a fihirisa shi ne wakilcin lamba na bambancin da ke akwai Game da wani abu na kowane nau'i, abubuwan da ke faruwa na iya zama kowane iri, amma babban maƙasudin shi shine jadawalin da ke yanke hukunci a duban dukkan bayanan ƙididdiga, wannan don manufar yaɗawa da / ko fahimtar bayanin.
Alamar rashin daidaito shine ma'auni wanda ke taƙaita hanyar da ake rarraba mai canji, komai ya kasance, tsakanin saitin mutane. Game da rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki, yawan auna yawanci yawan kuɗi ne na iyalai, abokan zama ko mutane. Masanin ilimin Italiyanci Gini Yadawo, Na kirkiro mai nuna alama wanda amfani da shi shine auna matakin rashin daidaito tsakanin mazaunan wani yanki na musamman. Ba kamar index ba, ana lissafin coefficient a matsayin wani bangare na wani yanki na yankuna a zane na sanannun mutane "Hanyar Lorenz"
Gimar Gini ta ƙunshi lamba tsakanin 0 da 1, 0 kasancewar shine wanda yayi daidai da daidaitaccen daidaito, inda kowa yake samun kuɗi iri ɗaya, yayin da lambar adadi 1 tayi daidai da rashin daidaito, inda mutum ɗaya ne ke samun kuɗin shiga kuma kowa kuma bashi da shi. Fihirisar Gini shine Gini coefficient, amma aka nuna dangane da matsakaicin 100, sabanin coefficient wanda yayi daidai da adadi na adadi wanda yake tsakanin 0 da 1 kawai, wannan shine don hanzarta fahimtar jadawalai, haka kuma kamar yadda yada sakamakon da aka samu.
A tsakanin rarrabuwar kawuna akwai matakan girma guda biyu waɗanda ake amfani dasu a cikin adabin, waɗannan rukunin sune: tabbatacce matakan, wanda ya dace da waɗanda ba sa magana game da walwala da jin daɗin jama'a. Duk da yake akwai kuma matakan daidaitawa, wanda, ba kamar kyawawan abubuwa ba, suna dogara ne akan aikin jin daɗin kai tsaye. Dogaro da alamar da aka zaɓa, ƙa'idodi ko sigogi waɗanda ake kwatanta rarraba kuɗin shiga tare da su ana bayyana su.
Wani ɓangare na kaddarorin alamun Gini ko Gini coefficient sune:
- A yadda aka saba ana amfani da cikakken tabbataccen abu don ƙayyade yanki tsakanin layin cikakken daidaito da ƙuƙwalwar Lorenz, wannan ana ɗaukarsa kyakkyawan tsari, amma, akwai kuma wasu lokuta waɗanda ba a san ma'anar Lorenz bayyananne ba, Saboda haka, wasu hanyoyin ana amfani da su, kamar su dabarurruka daban-daban tare da adadi mai yawa na ƙari, hanyoyin da dabarbunan sun bambanta gwargwadon la'akari da shari'ar.
- Kodayake sakamakon da ake so shi ne jadawalin da ke gabatar da alamun rashin daidaito a cikin hanya mai sauƙi da amfani, ba a ba da shawarar sosai ba cewa za a gudanar da aikin duba idan ya zo ga lanƙwasa biyu na Lorenz, tun da wannan ƙimar na iya zama kuskure, a Maimakon haka, shi ana ba da shawarar don kwatanta rashin daidaito wanda kowannensu ke wakilta daban, ana kirga alamun Gini wanda ya dace da kowane lanƙwasa.
- Duk wata hanyar Lorenz ko kuma; duk raƙuman Lorenz sun ratsa ta lanƙwasa ko layin da ya haɗu da maki a cikin matakan masu zuwa: (0, 0) da (1, 1)
- Matsakaicin teburin bambance-bambancen yana da kaddarorin da suke kamanceceniya da na alamun Gini.
Hanyar Lorenz.
Hanyar Lorenz ita ce zane-zanen zane wanda aka yi amfani dashi don wakiltar rarraba dangin mai canji a cikin yankin da aka bayar. Galibi, yankin da wannan yanayin yake nuna wakilci ne na saitin kaya ko aiyuka a wani yanki, wannan ta hanyar amfani da lanbar Lorenz tare da haɗin Gini ko Gini coefficient. Marubucin wannan lanƙwasa shine Max O Lorenz a cikin shekara 1905.
Dangantaka tsakanin ƙirar Lorenz da ƙimar Gini.
Tare da Hanyar Lorenz zamu iya lissafin ma'aunin Gini, kawai rarraba sauran yankin tsakanin lanƙwasa da layin "daidaito", wannan ta jimlar yankin da ta rage a ƙarƙashin lankwasar. Ta wannan hanyar zamu sami coefficient ko kuma mu ninka namu sakamakon ta 100, mun sami kashi.
Dukkanin bayanan Gini da Lorenz Curve an kirkiresu azaman hanyoyi don gano rashin daidaito tsakanin yawan yanki (ƙasa, ƙasa, yanki, da dai sauransu), tare da fahimtar cewa akwai daidaito tsakanin mazauna, mafi girman kusancin hanyar zuwa madaidaiciyar layi, yayin da akasin haka yake, babban rashin daidaito ne tsakanin jama'ar yanki, hancin yana kara fitowa fili.
Menene aikin Fihirisar Gini?
A cikin binciken rashin daidaito, akwai samar da hanyoyi daban-daban na bayanin yadda ake rarraba kudaden shiga tsakanin kungiyoyi daban-daban na mutane a cikin wata al'umma ko rukunin mutane a wani yanki, wasu daga cikin wadannan hanyoyin sune kamar: oda bayanai, alamun rashin daidaito da zane-zanen watsawa.
Gaskiyar bayani dalla-dalla kan zane don ganin yadda ake rarraba kudaden shiga aiki ne mai matukar amfani ga bincike na rashin daidaito, tunda yana bamu damar gano bangarorin sifar rarrabawan wanda tare da wasu hanyoyin ba zai yiwu ba ko kuma aƙalla zai zama aiki mai rikitarwa.
Aikace-aikace na alamun Gini.
Akwai matakin rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki a cikin wata keɓaɓɓiyar al'umma kuma haɓakar wannan al'umma a tsawon lokaci ya zama batun da ke da sha'awa ga masana tattalin arziki da yawa da ra'ayin jama'a gaba ɗaya. Akwai nazari daban-daban waɗanda ake gudanarwa dangane da kimantawar matsayin rashin adalci da ke cikin al'umma. A lokacin tarihin nazarin tattalin arziki, an riga an gabatar da alamomi daban-daban don sanannun binciken rashin daidaito; Waɗannan, ba su sami sakamako mai fa'ida ba kamar wanda masana masanan suka sani da "Gini Conarfafa Gini". Tunda wannan fihirisar ita ce mafi sauki ga fassara, ana kuma amfani da ita koyaushe azaman ambato don muhawara kan aikin rashin daidaito da kuma tasirinsa akan ƙimar rayuwar jama'a a wani yanki.
Daga cikin ayyukan farko ko kuma farkon aikin da ya gabatar da amfani da ayyukan jin daɗin zamantakewar don auna kwanakin rashin daidaito daga shekara 1920, wanda aka yi DaltonA lokacin wannan binciken, Dalton, da aka tsara don yin lissafi da kuma lura da asarar lafiyar da aka samu ta hanyar rabon kuɗin shiga tsakanin mutane. Ta amfani da mai rarrabewa, daidaitaccen yanayi, ƙari, kuma lallai ya zama mai amfani da kayan aiki na samun kuɗaɗen shiga, Dalton ya bayyana abin da daga baya za'a san shi da Dalton Index.
Abubuwan la'akari game da bayanan Gini.
- A cikin ka'idar, ana daukar wasu hanyoyi 4 don samar da odar bayanai, duk da wannan, wadanda aka fi amfani dasu sosai tare da sake dawowa da yawa sune "rabarwar mita" da "Lorenz curve", mafi karancin amfani, amma har yanzu yana da inganci sosai. su ne "zane-zanen fareti" da "canjin yanayi."
- Menene canjin da aka nuna don auna rashin daidaito? A cikin aikin gwadawa, akwai muhawara game da canjin da za a iya ɗauka "mai dacewa" don kimanta yawan kuɗin shiga. Akwai manyan sauye-sauye guda biyu waɗanda ke jagorantar rikice-rikice a cikin wannan muhawarar; kowane kudin shiga ko duka kudin shiga na gida. Ana iya cewa duka masu canjin daidai ne, duk bisa ga buƙatar rufewa dangane da binciken da za'ayi. A saboda wannan dalili, ya wajaba a tambaya a matakin farko, menene dalilin wannan ma'aunin? Domin ci gaba ko ci gaba zuwa zaɓi na canjin da ya dace da wannan yanayin.
- Yi la'akari da rarrabuwa na alamun Gini. A cikin binciken rashin daidaito, bazuwar yanki ne na tsakiya, tunda dole ne mu san asalin manyan abubuwan rashin daidaito waɗanda ke shafar daidaito a matakin na asali kamar na gida.
- Duk da shaharar da sauƙin tsarin lissafi, lissafin Gini baya bin kayan “ƙari bazuwar”. Ta wannan muke nufi cewa lissafin da aka yi wa wani rukuni ko rukunin ƙungiyoyi ba lallai ba ne koyaushe ya yi daidai da ƙimar gwargwadon yawan odar yawan jama'a ta matakan samun kuɗi.
- Menene tushen bayanai don auna rashin daidaito? A ka'ida, litattafai da galibin labarai akan auna rashin daidaito suna la'akari da ba da shawarar dabaru waɗanda ke ɗauka cewa bayanan kuɗin shiga da aka yi amfani da su bazuwar samfurin ne. Wannan ya banbanta a cikin aikin gwadawa, tunda a aikace ana tattara bayanan ne daga binciken da aka gudanar a cikin gidaje, inda ake aiwatar da tantance rukunin lura ta hanyar matakan zaɓi ɗaya ko fiye kuma a cikin yawancin damar da aka zaɓa tare da rashin daidaito. yiwuwa. Wannan yana nuna cewa ƙimar gwargwado sakamako ne kawai.