Fassara da fahimtar karkatar Laffer

Laffer lankwasa

Hanyar Laffer wakiltar zane ce ta alaƙar da ke tsakanin kuɗaɗen haraji da ƙimar amfani haraji. Dalilin yin hakan shine a nuna yadda kudaden haraji ke jujjuyawa yayin da canjin ya canza. Wanda ya kirkiri wannan lanƙwasar shine masanin tattalin arziƙin Amurka Arthur Laffer, wanda yayi jayayya cewa ƙarin harajin ba zai fassara zuwa karuwar tarin ba, saboda tushen haraji ya faɗi.

Laffer ya bayar da hujjar cewa a wannan lokacin da aka sanya harajin ya zama sifili, kudaden shigar baitulmalin babu su tunda a zahiri ba a amfani da haraji. Hakanan, idan adadin haraji ya kasance 100%, babu harajin haraji ko dai saboda babu wani kamfani ko wani mutum da zai yarda da samar da mai kyau wanda kuɗin shigar da yake samarwa zai yi cikakken amfani da shi don biyan haraji.

A cewar Laffer, idan a matsanancin matakin harajin, tara harajin ba komai bane, sakamakon shine kasancewar matsakaicin kudi tsakanin wadannan tsauraran da ke ba da damar yuwuwar tarin. La'akari da gaskiyar cewa hauhawar farashin kaya a kowace tattalin arziki ya rage darajar kuɗi, za a iya ganin hauhawar farashin a matsayin haraji da ake ɗauka azaman asarar ƙima sakamakon sakamako na daidai wannan lamarin kuma masu riƙe madaidaitan kuɗaɗen kuɗi na yau da kullun suna fuskantar kuɗi. , sharuɗɗan lambobin kuɗi da kayan kuɗi.

Wannan shine ainihin dalilin Ana iya amfani da lanbar ta Laffer don bincika tasirin bambancin cikin hauhawar farashi a cikin kowane tattalin arziki.

Hanyar Laffer da haraji

Zamu iya cewa to Laffer lanbar wakilci ne na zane-zane inda zaka ga yadda tattalin arzikin kasa yake shafar kasancewar kudin shigar gwamnati ya dogara ne kacokam akan harajin da ake samu. Hanyar kuma tana ƙoƙari ta bayyana cewa ƙarin haraji ba lallai ne ya fassara zuwa samun ƙarin kuɗi ba.

Laffer lankwasa Spain

Sakamakon haka, lanbar Laffer ya nuna cewa lokacin da gwamnati ta kara haraji fiye da wani lokaci, Kuna iya samun kuɗi kaɗan idan aka kwatanta da rage harajin ku akan kaya da aiyuka. Bugu da kari, lokacin da gwamnati ta kara harajin ta fiye da kima, kudin da aka samu sakamakon kara wannan matakin a kan farashin da rarar duk wani abu mai kyau ko wani aiki, mai yiyuwa ne ba zai iya ba da kyakyawan aiki ko aiki ga duk wanda ke ba da shi ko kuma ya same shi ba ga wanda yake karar sa.

A wata ma'anar, cewa mai samarwa ko mai siye sun yanke shawarar cewa ba su da sha'awa ko kai tsaye, cewa ba za su iya ba da ko siyan wannan kyakkyawar ko sabis ba. Sabili da haka, siyarwar wannan kyakkyawar ko sabis ɗin zata rushe kuma sakamakon haka, yawan harajin da aka tara suma zasu faɗi.

Fahimtar lanbar Laffer

A kan lanbar Laffer, akan bankin abscissa ana sanya kudaden haraji akan ribar samfurin da aka gano ti , wanda aka auna a cikin kashi daga 0% zuwa 100% kuma inda t0 yayi daidai da 0%, yayin da tmax yayi daidai da 100%. A gefe guda kuma, ginshiƙan kwamfutocin sune waɗanda ake amfani dasu don wakiltar kuɗin shigar gwamnati cikin kuɗi kuma ku gano su.

El Laffer mai lankwasawa Ana iya karanta shi ta wannan hanyar: lokacin da harajin haraji akan mai kyau ko sabis ya kasance t0, gwamnati to ba ta samun riba ta tattara haraji, tunda tarin haraji babu shi. Yayin da gwamnati ta ƙara yawan haraji, mai kyau ko sabis yana samun ƙarin riba kuma saboda haka tarin ya karu.

Laffer curve bayani

Duk da haka, karuwar kudin shigar gwamnati gaba daya yakan faru har zuwa t *, wanda a cikin wannan yanayin an gano shi azaman wuri mai mahimmanci. A takaice dai, wannan zai kasance matakin matakin harajin da zai baiwa gwamnati damar samun mafi yawan kudi ta hanyar karbar haraji.

A gefe guda, farawa daga t *, karuwar haraji akan kyawawan abubuwa ko sabis, ya sa furodusoshi da masu siye rashin sha'awar samarwa da siyan waccan kyakkyawa ko sabis, kowane saboda dalilai nasu. Game da masu kerawa, saboda asali kowane lokaci zasu sami ƙasa da yawa, yayin da a cikin masu siye, saboda galibi suna fuskantar ƙarin ƙari a farashin sayan ƙarshe.

Ganin cewa tarin haraji wanda yayi daidai da t0 da tmax, babu shi, sakamakon shi ne cewa dole ne a sami matsakaiciyar haraji tsakanin waɗannan tsauraran matakan waɗanda a ka'ida ke wakiltar matsakaicin adadin kuɗin da aka tara. Duk wannan ya dogara ne akan Ka'idar Rolle, wanda a ciki ake jayayya cewa idan kuɗin shiga baitul yana ci gaba da aiki na ƙimar haraji, saboda haka akwai aƙalla aƙalla a matsakaicin matsayi na tazarar.

Un sakamakon sakamako na kwana shine idan gwamnati ta kara matsin lamba na haraji sama da wani takamaiman kaso t *, karin harajin zai zama mara amfani, tunda ana samun amfanin gona ko yawan kudaden da aka samu wanda ya ragu sosai.

A wata ma'anar, sun fara samun ƙarami saboda gaskiyar cewa babu mai samar da ƙananan abubuwa, wasu kuma abin da suke yi suna aiki a cikin kasuwar baƙar fata, yayin da wasu suka zaɓi ba sa samun riba saboda gwamnati ta fi abin da suke yi yawa samu don haraji. A sakamakon haka, layin Laffer ya ba da shawarar cewa rage haraji zai haɓaka kudaden shiga ne kawai idan aka sanya farashin haraji na yanzu zuwa hannun dama na iyakar matsakaicin layin.

Hanyar Laffer tana wakiltar batun cewa canje-canje a cikin farashin haraji yana haifar da sakamako biyu masu alaƙa da yawa kan kudaden haraji: tasirin tattalin arziki da tasirin lissafi. Dangane da tasirin tattalin arziƙi, ana gane tasirin tasirin haraji akan ƙwadago, samfura da kuma aikin yi, yayin da yawan harajin ke haifar da wani tasirin tattalin arziƙi ta hanyar hukunta shiga cikin ayyukan tare da haɓaka haraji.

A nata bangaren, sakamakon lissafin yana da nasaba da cewa idan kudin harajin yayi kadan, to kudaden shiga suna raguwa sakamakon yawan karbar harajin, yayin da akasin haka yake faruwa idan aka kara kudin haraji, tunda tarin ta hanyar haraji daidai yake da yawan harajin da aka ninka shi ta tarin da ke akwai don haraji.

Sakamakon haka kuma daidai da tasirin tattalin arziki, tare da 100% ƙimar haraji, gwamnati a ka’ida ba za ta samu kudin shiga ba saboda masu biyan haraji za su sauya halayensu sakamakon yawan haraji. Asali ba za su sami wani dalili na yin aiki ba ko kuma a yanayin su za su zabi wata hanyar don kauce wa biyan haraji, gami da komawa zuwa kasuwar baƙar fata ko kuma kawai amfani da tattalin arziƙin.

Ta yaya harajin hauhawar farashin kaya yake da alakar Laffer?

Laffer curve tattalin arziki

con kumbura mitar ana ganinsa a matsayin haraji tunda yana rage darajar kuɗi, sabili da haka, idan akwai hauhawar farashi, idan wakilai suna so su ci gaba da daidaita ma'auninsu na gaskiya, to dole ne su ƙara kuɗaɗen kuɗi. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa kodayake Laffer ya tsara lanƙwasa don wakiltar harajin samun kuɗaɗe a Amurka, ana iya amfani da shi a zahiri ga ƙirar haraji na hauhawar farashi.

A gefe guda - ƙididdigar kuɗi shine kuɗin shiga ko amfani da gwamnatoci ke karɓa don kawai ke da alhakin neman kuɗi, harajin kumbura na wakiltar asarar babban birnin duk waɗanda suka sami ribar su sakamakon hauhawar farashin kaya. Lokacin da kake da tattalin arziki wanda baya bunkasa, hauhawar farashin kaya da na rashin daidaito sun zo daidai saboda hauhawar farashi daidai yake da haɓakar yawan kuɗi.

Koyaya, idan kuna da tattalin arziƙi mai haɓaka, ƙarancin yanayi da hauhawar farashi sun banbanta tunda buƙatar kuɗi na iya ƙaruwa sakamakon ƙaruwar kuɗin shiga. Ba wai kawai wannan ba, yana yiwuwa kuma Babban Bankin ya kafa babbar buƙata a matsayin mafi yawan wadata ba tare da hauhawar farashi ba, amma tattara riba. Wannan yana nufin cewa koda tare da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, har yanzu yana yiwuwa a tattara raɗaɗɗen sakamako sakamakon karuwar buƙatar kuɗi.

Ana iya ganin alaƙar da ke tsakanin hauhawar farashin kaya da haɗuwa a cikin lanbar LafferLa'akari da cewa yayin da hauhawar farashi ke ƙaruwa, ba yana nufin tarin ma zai karu ba tunda kuɗin da aka samu basu da yawa. Lokacin da hauhawar farashi sifili take, seigniorage shima sifili ne. Bugu da ƙari kuma, idan buƙatar kuɗi ta ragu da sauri idan aka kwatanta da hauhawar farashi, ana sa ran cewa masu tayar da kayar baya za su ci gaba da raguwa yayin da hauhawar farashi ba ta da iyaka. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda wakilai sun fara canza ainihin ma'auninsu zuwa kadarorin da ke da ƙarancin ruwa, amma tare da dawowar kyakkyawan sakamako.


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