Idan kuna neman wahayi, taimako ko kawai kuna son sanin abin da manyan masana tattalin arziƙi ke tunani game da duniyar kuɗi, ina ba da shawarar cewa ku kalli faɗin Ben Bernanke. Labari ne game da ɗan siyasan Amurka kuma masanin tattalin arziki wanda Shi ne shugaban Tarayyar Tarayyar Amurka, darektan Shirin Tattalin Arzikin kuɗi na Ofishin Bincike na Tattalin Arziki na Ƙasa. kuma editan "American Review of Economic".
Wataƙila ba ya ɗaya daga cikin mawadata a duniya, amma yana yana cikin masana tattalin arziki hamsin da aka fi bugawa. Don wannan kuma ga duk aikinsa da yanayinsa a duniyar kuɗi, za mu faɗi mafi kyawun jumlolin Ben Bernanke kuma muyi ɗan magana game da tarihin rayuwarsa da mahangar tattalin arzikinsa.
Mafi kyawun jumla 12 na Ben Bernanke
Kamar yadda muka ambata a baya, maganganun Ben Bernanke na iya zama da ban sha'awa sosai. Wannan ya faru ne saboda doguwar sana'ar da wannan masanin tattalin arziƙin yayi a fagen siyasa da kasuwannin kuɗi. Ben Bernanke ya ba da laccoci da yawa kan ka'idar kuɗi da manufofi a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London. Bugu da kari, ya rubuta jimlar littattafai guda biyu. Na ɗaya shine game da matsakaicin matakin macroeconomics. Sauran yayi magana game da microeconomics da macroeconomics. Sanin wannan game da Ben Bernanke, mun riga mun iya jin daɗin manyan maganganun sa goma sha biyu.
- “Rikicin da koma bayan tattalin arziki sun haifar da ƙarancin riba, gaskiya ne. Amma waɗannan abubuwan sun kuma lalata ayyukan yi, sun hana ci gaban tattalin arziƙi, kuma sun haifar da raguwa sosai a cikin ƙimar gidaje da kasuwanci da yawa. "
- "Darasin tarihi shi ne cewa ba ku cimma nasarar farfado da tattalin arziƙin ba yayin da tsarin kuɗi ke cikin rikici."
- "Farashin nasara ne: mutane sun fara tunanin cewa kai mai iko ne."
- “A zahiri, gabaɗaya, dawowa daga saka hannun jari mai lafiya na iya zama ba mai dorewa a cikin raunin tattalin arziƙi. Kuma ba shakka yana da wahalar adanawa don yin ritaya ko wasu maƙasudai ba tare da samun kuɗi daga aiki ba. ”
- To, kyakkyawan fata abu ne mai kyau. Yana fitar da mutane daga can, fara kasuwanci, kashe kuɗi da duk abin da ake buƙata don ci gaba da tattalin arzikin. "
- Da kyau, Amurka, ba shakka, ita ce mafi girman tattalin arziki a duniya. Kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na samar da duniya. Hakanan gida ne ga yawancin manyan cibiyoyin kuɗi da kasuwannin kuɗi. "
- “Manufofin kuɗi ba za su iya yin abubuwa da yawa ba game da haɓaka na dogon lokaci. Abin da kawai za mu iya yi shi ne ƙoƙarin daidaita lokutan da tattalin arziƙin ya lalace saboda rashin buƙata. "
- Idan kuna son fahimtar ilimin ƙasa, kuna nazarin girgizar ƙasa. Idan kuna son fahimtar tattalin arziƙi, kuna nazarin Babban Bala'in. "
- “Aikin Babban Bankin Tarayya shi ne yin abin da ya dace, ɗaukar maslaha mai ɗorewa na tattalin arziƙi a cikin zuciyarta, koda kuwa wani lokacin yana nufin rashin farin jini. Amma dole ne mu yi abin da ya dace. "
- "Rikicin da ke faruwa a Turai ya shafi tattalin arzikin Amurka ta hanyar yin aiki a matsayin abin da ke jawo fitar da kaya zuwa kasashen waje, yana yin la'akari kan kasuwanci da kwarin gwiwar masu amfani, da sanya matsin lamba kan kasuwannin Amurka da cibiyoyin hada -hadar kudi."
- "Ni mai son jigogi ne na Babban Bala'i, kamar yadda wasu mutane ke son jigogin Yaƙin Basasa. Abubuwan da Damuwar ta taso, da darussan sa, har yanzu suna da mahimmanci a yau. ”
- "Ko da yake ƙarancin hauhawar farashin yana da kyau gaba ɗaya, ƙarancin hauhawar farashin na iya haifar da haɗari ga tattalin arziƙi - musamman lokacin da tattalin arzikin ke cikin matsala."
Wanene Ben Bernanke?
Don ba da ƙarin ƙarfi ga kalmomin Ben Bernanke, dole ne ku ɗan sani game da tarihin rayuwarsa, ku san ko wanene shi da yadda yake tunani game da duniyar kuɗi. An haifi wannan masanin tattalin arziƙin asalin Yahudawa a ranar 13 ga Disamba, 1953 a Jojiya. Shi ne shugaban tawagar masu ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki na George W. Bush lokacin yana shugaban Amurka. A 2006 ya rike mukamin shugaban Tarayyar Amurka, matsayin da ya gabata Alan Greenspan, wani muhimmin mutum a duniyar kuɗi kuma kalmominsa daidai suke da shawarar.
A matakin siyasa, Bernanke memba ne na Jam'iyyar Republican ta Arewacin Amurka. Dangane da karatunsa, wannan ɗan siyasa kuma masanin tattalin arziki yana da digiri a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Harvard. Menene ƙari, MIT ta ba shi suna Doctor of Economics (Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts). A Jami'ar Princeton ya kasance shugaban sashen tattalin arziki kuma tsakanin 2002 zuwa 2005 yana cikin kwamitin manufofin kudi na Babban Bankin Amurka. Abin godiya ne ga ci gaban karatunsa wanda ba a taɓa tsammani ba cewa an ba da shawarar Ben Bernanke don cike matsayin Alan Greenspan a matsayin shugaban Babban Bankin Tarayyar Amurka.
Dangane da tattalin arziki, Ben Bernanke yana nuna sha'awa ta musamman ga dalilan tattalin arziki da siyasa na Babban Bala'in. Ya wallafa labarai da yawa na mujallu na masana akan wannan batun kuma yawancin maganganun Ben Bernanke suna nuna sha'awar sa akan wannan lamarin. Kafin Bernanke yayi aikinsa, babban ka'idar monetarist a lokacin Babban Bala'in shine Milton Friedman. A cewarsa, abin da ya haifar da wannan rikicin shi ne rage yawan kuɗin da Babban Bankin Tarayya ke aiwatarwa. Bugu da kari, akwai lokuta da yawa lokacin da yayi sharhi cewa haɓaka ƙimar ribar da wuri a lokacin Babban Bala'in shine ɗayan manyan kurakuran da aka taɓa yi. Milton Friedman shima babban masanin tattalin arziki ne tare da ra'ayoyi da jumloli masu ban sha'awa.
Sabuwar Tattalin Arzikin Keynesian
A cikin New Keynesian Economics, wanda kuma aka sani da New Keynesianism, Ben Bernanke yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane. Amma menene wannan? Makarantar tunani ce ta tattalin arziƙi wanda manufarsa ita ce samar da tushe na tattalin arziƙi ga abin da ake kira tattalin arzikin Keynesian. Manyan macroeconomics na Keynesian sun karɓi suka daban -daban daga mabiya Sabuwar Classical Macroeconomics, wanda New Keynesian Economics ya fito a matsayin martani.
Dangane da masanin tattalin arziƙin Amurka David Colander, damuwar da duka New Keynesianism da New Classical Macroeconomics ke da ita game da sassaucin farashi da albashi sam bai dace ba. A maimakon yana mai da hankali kan gazawar da aka samu a cikin daidaituwa na tsari ko na hukumomi, cikin dogaro da abubuwan tattalin arziki da abubuwan, da kuma a cikin macroexternalities. Wannan hanyar tana taimakawa don gane maki da yawa na daidaiton tattalin arziƙi, wanda ke canza yanayin muhawarar da ta shafi macroeconomics.
Makiw da Romer Macroeconomists sun zo da ƙa'idodin asali don ayyana Sabon Tattalin Arzikin Keynesian. Wadannan ra'ayoyi biyu na tsakiya waɗanda ke nuna wannan makarantar daga yau sune kamar haka:
- Ba a yarda da tsarin dichotomy na gargajiya ba.
- Kasawar kasuwa tana da mahimmanci don fahimtar sauye -sauyen da ka iya faruwa a ciki.
Koyaya, akwai abu ɗaya da yake da alaƙa da sabon tsarin gargajiya. Dukansu makarantun suna ɗauka cewa duka halayen kamfanoni da gidaje suna da alaƙa da ka'idar tsammanin tsammanin da Muth da Lucas suka gabatar. Koyaya, New Keynesian Economics ya kare cewa akwai gazawar kasuwa kuma sakamakon su na gaske ne. Daga cikin su akwai taurin kai, kafewa ko rashin kima na farashi da albashi. Wato: Babu ɗayansu da ke amsa canje -canje a kasuwa nan take.
Ƙara ƙyalli na albashi da farashi ga duk sauran lahani a cikin ƙirar, zamu iya kammala hakan tattalin arzikin ba zai samu cikakken aiki ba. Ta fuskar tattalin arziki, cikakken aiki yana faruwa lokacin da duk mutanen da ke son yin aiki za su iya yin hakan. Sakamakon haka, ya fi dacewa aiwatar da manufofin karfafawa Pareto fiye da na laissez faire. Dole ne gwamnatoci da bankunan tsakiya su aiwatar da waɗannan don samun sakamakon tattalin arziƙi.
Yankin Yuro da gibin ciniki
Ben Bernanke yana da ra'ayoyi bayyanannu idan aka zo batun yadda ake gudanar da kasuwanci a yankin Yuro. A cewarsa, gibin cinikayyar da ke akwai a cikin kasashen yankin na euro zai kawo karshen su. Ya ci gaba da cewa rashin daidaituwa tsakanin kasashen Turai daban -daban ba shi da kyau ko kadan, tunda yana haifar da ci gaban da bai dace ba, musamman a matakin kudi. Bernanke ya yi imanin cewa rarar cinikin Jamus babbar matsala ce a duniya. Ƙasar ta Jamus tana siyar da ƙima sosai fiye da yadda take siyarwa, don haka ta ƙare juyar da buƙatu zuwa ƙasashen maƙwabta da sauran na duniya. Ta wannan hanyar, ana rage yawan samarwa da aikin yi a wajen Jamus.
Akwai ra'ayoyi daban -daban, ra'ayoyi, da ra'ayoyi a duniyar kuɗi. Kalmomin Ben Bernanke, tarihin rayuwarsa, da Sabon Keynesian Tattalin Arziki kaɗan ne daga cikin sa. Ƙarin abin da muka sani, mafi mahimmanci za mu iya zama kuma za mu iya fita daga kasuwannin kuɗi.